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Land grab or development
opportunity?
Agricultural investment and
international land deals in Africa
Enabling poor rural people
to overcome poverty
Lorenzo Cotula, Sonja Vermeulen,
Rebeca Leonard and James Keeley
Enabling poor rural people
to overcome poverty
Land grab or development
opportunity?
Agricultural investment and
international land deals in Africa
Lorenzo Cotula, Sonja Vermeulen,
Rebeca Leonard and James Keeley
Lorenzo Cotula, Sonja Vermeulen, Rebeca Leonard and James Keeley
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© FAO, IIED and IFAD, 2009
For copies of this publication, contact IIED. Email: newbooks@iied.org
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Citation: Cotula, L., Vermeulen, S., Leonard, R. and Keeley, J., 2009, LAND GRAB
OR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY? AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL LAND DEALS IN AFRICA, IIED/FAO/IFAD, London/Rome.
ISBN: 978-1-84369-741-1
Cover photo: Men harvesting leaves on a sisal plantation in Kisangata, Tanzania
© Ron Giling / Still Pictures
Design: Smith+Bell (www.smithplusbell.com)
Printing: Russell Press (www.russellpress.com)
Printed on: Greencoat Velvet 200 gsm and Greencoat Velvet 100 gsm
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations nor the Interna-
tional Fund for Agricultural Development concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or prod-
ucts of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed
or recommended by FAO or IFAD in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designa-
tions “developed” and “developing” countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily ex-
press a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FAO or IFAD.
Land grab or development opportunity?
Agricultural investment and
international land deals in Africa
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report is the outcome of a collaboration between the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD) and the International Institute for Environment and
Development (IIED). It also benefited from links with a parallel study led by the
World Bank and involving IIED and FAO.
The research was done by a team of researchers at IIED, and led by the
consortium IIED-FAO-IFAD. The authors are particularly thankful to Paul Mathieu
and Paul Munro-Faure at FAO and to Harold Liversage, Sappho Haralambous and
Monica Romano at IFAD for their input and support throughout the
implementation of this research. Research also benefited from the intellectual
stimulation and rigour of Klaus Deininger and Derek Byerlee at the World Bank.
The study used FAO unpublished data on land suitability and availability. Livia
Peiser at FAO provided input on technical aspects concerning land suitability, and
developed the maps featured in the report. Nicole Kenton at IIED coordinated
the production of this publication.
The report would not have been possible without the research undertaken by
country teams – Berhanu Adenew (Ethiopia), Dominic Ayine and Prince Intsiful
(Ghana), Rasamoelina Rakotomanonjy and Onimandimbisoa Andrianandrasana
(Madagascar), Moussa Djiré (Mali), for the quantitative studies; and Alda Salomao,
Isilda Nhantumbo and Emmanuel Sulle for the qualitative in-country research.
Amy Horton and Amanda Mitchell provided research assistance during the early
stages of the project.
Ingilab Ahmadov, Derek Byerlee, Klaus Deininger, Olivier Dubois, Claudio Gregorio,
Thea Hilhorst, Devlin Kuyek, Harold Liversage, Howard Mann, Paul Mathieu,
Paul Munro-Faure, Harris Selod, Andrea Shemberg, Mercedes Stickler,
iii
Camilla Toulmin, Andreas von Brandt and Eckart Woertz contributed helpful
comments on earlier drafts of the report.
FAO and IFAD provided funding for international research. The UK Department
for International Development (DFID) provided complementary resources to
support international and quantitative in-country research through the IIED-led
“Legal Tools for Citizen Empowerment” programme, funded by the DFID-IIED
framework agreement (PPA); the reports also builds on case studies in
Mozambique and Tanzania funded through IIED’s Multidonor Framework
Agreement, generously supported by Danida (Denmark), DFID (UK), DGIS (the
Netherlands), Irish Aid, Norad (Norway), SDC (Switzerland) and Sida (Sweden). The
publication of this report was funded by FAO and IFAD, and by DFID through the
“Legal Tools” programme.
iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AOAD Arab Organisation for Agricultural Development
BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty
COFCO China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import and Export
Company
DFID UK Department for International Development
DUAT Land Use and Benefit Right (Mozambique)
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FPIC Free Prior Informed Consent
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEM Green Energy Madagascar Ltd
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
IIED International Institute for Environment and Development
v
vi
IMF International Monetary Fund
IWG International Working Group
LAP Libya Africa Investment Portfolio
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
QIA Qatar Investment Authority
REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
SOE State-Owned Enterprise
SWF Sovereign Wealth Fund
TIC Tanzania Investment Centre
UEMOA Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine
UN United Nations
US United States of America
vii
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
I. INTRODUCTION
13
1.1. The research topic and why it matters 15
1.2. Scope and research methods
16
II. TRENDS AND DRIVERS 23
2.1. The backdrop: government support and FDI in Africa 25
2.2. Trends in large-scale land deals in Africa:
the media view
34
2.3. Evidence from quantitative studies in five African
countries
40
2.4. Drivers behind the land deals
52
2
.5. Availability of under-utilised suitable land in Africa
59
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAND DEALS 63
3.1. Participants and process in individual land deals 65
3.2. Nature of land transfers
74
3.3. Direct economic benefits of land deals
78
3.4. Requirements around production models and marketing
84
3.5. Investment protection
88
3.6. Land takings
90
3.7. Remedies for affected people
95
IV. CONCLUSION 97
4.1. Summary of findings 99
4.2. Recommendations for stakeholders
102
REFERENCES 111
viii
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
[...]... avoid being arbitrarily dispossessed of their land, and obtain better deals from incoming investors – for instance, through providing land as in- kind contribution to a joint venture in which both investor and community have a stake Collective land registration may be a valuable policy option in this regard Where mappings and inventories of “available” lands for possible allocation to investors are... society – organisations of the rural poor and their support groups; and • International development agencies Investors – options for maximising security for investment and sustainable development gains • While investment funds are playing a growing role in land acquisitions, they tend to be more familiar with financial deals than agricultural ones Yet projects of the size documented in this report raise... clear and easily accessible information on land acquisitions and agricultural investments Effective systems to monitor land deals (inventories, maps, databases) can improve transparency and public scrutiny, as well as access to information for governments and prospecting investors International agencies can play a role in making this happen 11 • Provide expert advice, capacity building and other support... respect existing land uses and claims The principle of free, prior and informed consent and robust compensation regimes should provide a cornerstone of government policy, and must be integrated in national legislation Organisations of the rural poor and their support groups – options for maximising net benefits from land investments, and limiting exclusionary impacts • Scope for influencing private deals. .. perception that land is abundant in certain countries, these claims need to be treated with caution In many cases land is already being used or claimed – yet existing land uses and claims go unrecognised because land users are marginalised from formal land rights and access to the law and institutions And even in countries where some land is available, large-scale land allocations may still result in displacement... of land in Africa has attracted the attention of governments eager to ensure security of food and fuel supplies, and of investors eager to tap into global demand for food and fuel – as discussed later in this report The range of government-backed FDI Governments play a range of roles in promoting investment overseas – including with regard to land acquisitions Much reporting of international land deals. ..2 LAND GRAB OR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY? Over the past 12 months, large-scale acquisitions of farmland in Africa, Latin America, Central Asia and Southeast Asia have made headlines in a flurry of media reports across the world Lands that only a short time ago seemed of little outside interest are now being sought by international investors to the tune of hundreds of thousands of hectares And while... purchasing food from international markets Recipient countries, welcoming the new wave of foreign investment, are implementing policy and legislative reforms to attract investors This fast-evolving context creates opportunities, challenges and risks Increased investment may bring macro-level benefits (GDP growth and government revenues), and create opportunities for raising local living standards For poorer... driving investors, and to policy contexts in investor and recipient countries Section 3 analyses the “how”: characteristics of land deals, with regard to both their content and negotiating processes As far as possible, the report examines inclusion of local people in decision-making, and the effects of land acquisitions on access to land for the rural poor A short conclusion summarises key findings,... numbers and allocated land areas in all quantitative study countries and anticipated growth in investment levels in future; • Large-scale land claims remaining a small proportion of total suitable land in any one country, but most remaining suitable land is already under use or claim, often by local people, and pressure is growing on highervalue lands (e.g., those with irrigation potential or closer . Rebeca Leonard and James Keeley Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa Lorenzo Cotula,. expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FAO or IFAD. Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This. Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty Lorenzo Cotula, Sonja
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