NGON NG0 SOI 2011 VI THE CUA TIENG ANH TREN THE Gidl VA 6 VIET NAM GS.TS HOANG VAN VAN I.Dan luan ^ ,^. r. , \ 2. Khii quat ve tinh hinh ph^t Nhu nhan dl da chi ra, trong bai triln va vj thi cua tiing Anh tren Viet nay chung toi d\r dinh se thao lu^n thi gidi v} thi cua tieng Anh tren the %vn va ' ^ ' '• d Vipt Nam, tft do gpd ra mpt so ham ^^ VL<^CA Anh bit dau cac cupc y cho vipc l$p chinh sach ngo^i ngu vien chinh di xam chilm thupc dja vao d Vi?t Nam. Chung toi bit dau bing giua thi ki XVI, so ngudi ndi tiing Anh vi?c trinh bay khai qudt tinh hmh phat ban dja luc do mdi cd khoang 3 tripu [7] trien va vi the cua tieng Anh hen thi Ay thi nhung chi ban bdn thi ki sau,' gidl, giai thich t^ sao tiing Anh lai cd ^ <. , ,.x , , . . - dupcvithlcuamptngdnnlftto^au. 'IT"^ "°' ^^^"^ ^"^ ^^^" *^ ^'"^ Hai npi dung nay dugc tilp n6i bing "^^"^ """^^ " ^l^P ^^°- '^heo Ling & hai myc 4 va 5, d do chung tdi sa trinh Brown [5, 2], tieng Anh dugc sft dyng bay hipn tr^g, phan tich vj thi hipn "^^ ^^ "8°" ngu chinh thftc va ngdn t^ va dyr doan trien vgng tuang lai cua ngu ddng chinh thftc trong han 75 qudc tieng Anh d Vipt Nam. Txemg phan kit gia va virng lanh thd, viM sd lugng ngudi lu|n, chung tdi sg l§p lu|n rang do nhilu ndi khoang 1,5 - 2,0 ti. Nlu thdng ke dieu Idpn thuin lgi khac nhau, ca chu ^a sd ngudi hpc tiing Anh nhu la mpt quan lan khach quan, trong nhung thap • ~ - ^-^ , .^^ x . nien tilp theo cua thi ki XXI, vj Al TTT " ''"°' ^'^ ^' "^^ cua tiing Anh nhu la ngdn ngft toin ^^ ^hd khac thi chung ta se nhan dugc cau va nhu la ngo^i ngft so mgt d Vipt ^^^ ^°^ ^° **^8 ^i^ "g^c: tdng s6 Nam sg khdng thay doi. Day la mgt dhung ngudi ndi tiing Anh nhu la ngdn thyc tl can phai tinh din trong vipc ngft thft nhit, nhu la ngdn ngu thft hai ho^ch dinh chinh sdch ngdn ngft ndi va nhu la mgt ngo^i ngu chilm mgt Chung vachfahs^hng(^ ngft ndi rieng ti Ip khdng dudi 1/3 dan s6 thi gidi d nuac ta de cd the co dugc mgt chinh , , sdch ngo^ ngft hai hda, vfta dap ftng Thdng ke gan day nhit cua Lien dugc nhftng yeu cau cua hgi nh|p va Hi?P Quoc cho bilt hipn nay khoang todn cau hda, vira t^o ra s\r can doi vl 85% cac td chftc qudc tl sft dyng tiing ti Ip va ca cau cdc ngo^i ngft quan trpng Anh lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc, nhilu d Vipt Nam. hon rit nhilu so vdi cdc t6 chuc Jft dyng 12 Ngon ngiif sd 1 nam 2^11 4 ngdn ngft qudc te khac (tieng Nga, tieng Trung, tieng Phap va tiing Ehic) dugc the gicM cdn^ nhan cpng lai. Hipn tai Lien Hipp Qudc cd khoang hem 50 CO quan, hang chyc chucmg trinh hang tram ca quan chuyen mdn, uy ban khu vyc, uy ban chftc n^ng, va fty ban thudng trye sft dyng tieng Anh lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cd vai trd chinh thftc hoac vai trd lam vipc trong bien ban cua cac hgi nghi thugng (finh, hgi nghj va hpi thao qudc te. Hipp hgi cac nudc Ddng Nam A, Lien minh chau Au, Td chftc Hipp ude Bdc Dai Tay Duong, tat ca deu dftng tiing Anh lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cdn la ngdn ngu chinh thftc duy nhat cua Td chftc cac qudc gia xuat khau dau Ifta, la ngon ngft lam vipc duy nhit cfta Hipp hgi Thuang mai ty do chau Au va ciia Dien dan kinh the the gidi. Tham chi, khi mgt td chftc cd nhilu qudc gia tham gia va ngudi ta can phai chgn mgt sd ngdn ngft chung (lingua franca) de lam vipc thi tieng Anh thudng la sy lya chpn s6 mpt. Trong nhirng hgi nghj bao g6m nhimg thanh vien cd %\a{ h^ trong cdc cudng quoc, gia tq cua tiing Anh ciing dugc cdng nhan rgng rai hem cdc ngdn ngft khdc: mdc dft ki yeu cua cdc hpi nghj do cd thi khdng vilt bing tieng Anh, nhung khi mu6n thdng bao ket qua hay nghj quyet ma quan chftc tham dy cac hpi nghi dd thdng qua de phyc vy mgt ddi tugng cft tga rpng \cm han tren toan the %icA thi nhftng thdng bao ay thudng dugc vilt bdng tieng Anh. Chi trong khu vyc chau A - Thdi Bmh Duong ngudi ta da thdng ke dugc khoang 90% ki ylu cua cac td chuc qudc tl dugc viet bdng tieng Anh. Cdc nha khoa h(?c muon quang bd kit qua nghien cim cua minh tren the gidi ciing phdi dimg tiing Anh lam phuang tipn (fien dat. Tiing Anh cdn dugc cac hipp hgi thi diao qudc tl sft dyng lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc: bit ki mgt sy kipn the thao ldn nao tft khu vyc din quoc te deu dimg tiing Anh lam ngdn npft chinh thirc. Ngoai ra, cdc td chftc qudc te khdc nhu Hpi Kiln true su va cdc hpi nghj cua nd, cdc hpi nghi tdn giao, v.v., deu dftng tiing Anh lam phuang tipn quang ba nhirng npi dung hodc tu tudng cua minh. Ngay d chau Au, nai ma ngudi ta thudng chd dgi rdng nhftng ngdn ngft khdc tieng Anh se dugc sft dyng nhieu han, nhung ngudi ta van thay tieng Anh dugc sft dyng rat rgng rdi. Theo thdng ke gan day, sd lugng cdc to chftc d chau Au sft dyng tieng Anh lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc gap han hai lan sd lugng cdc to chuc sft dyng tiing Phdp, hem ba lan sd lugng cdc td chftc su (iyng tieng Due. Khi cac cdp ngdn ngft d Cpng ddng chau Au khdng cd phien djch song ngu thi ngudi ta thudng phai chgn mgt ngdn ngu trung gian va ngdn ngft trung gian nay thudng la tiing Anh. Thi dy, khi mgt ngudi Phan Lan giao tilp vdi mgt ngudi Hy Lap, thi ngudi Phan Lan ndi tiing Phan Lan, ngudi phien dich thu nhat djch sang tieng Anh va ngudi phien djch thft hai djch tft tiing Anh sang tiing Hy Lap. Anh hudng cfta tiing Anh d chau Au m^ den mftc ma nhilu trudng d^i hpc hipn nay sft dyng tiing Anh ldm phuang tipn gidng day, dac bipt la d hai bac thae si va tiln si. Tiing Anh cd m^t va dugc chao ddn mgt each khd ty nhien d hai cudng quoc ddi trgng vdi My la Nga vd Trung Quoc. Theo Crystal [2], d Nga, mgt cudng qudc dugc cho la tuang ddi bao thu trong vipc till) nhan tiing Anh', each day 12 ndm sd lugng ngudi hgc' tiing Anh nhu la mgt ngoai ngft dd len den con sd 15 - 20 ftipu (chiem khodng ban 10 - 12% dan s6); va theo Vi the Honna [7], hdng nam d Trung Quoc cd khoang 300 tripu ngudi hgc tieng Anh (chiem khodng 20% dan sd). Trong khu vyc truyen thdng, de thdng tin cho the gidi bilt nhung gi dang xay ra trong nudc, hau het cac qudc gia deu cd kenh truyen hinh da ngu, trong do thai gian cua chuang trinh phat bdng tieng Anh chiem mgt tl Ip uu the; ca bipt cd mgt sd qudc gia cdng nghipp phdt trien da ddnh mgt kenh truyen hinh rieng phdt bdng tieng Anh, chdng h^ nhu kerih RT cfta Nga, kenh NHK cua Nhat Ban, kenh Arirang cua Han Quoc, kenh Channel Newsasia cua Singapore, v.v Ngc)di ra, hdu het cac kenh ve thdi trang, ke ca thdi trang cua Phdp, va cac kenh the thao tren the gidi dudng nhu deu dugc phat bdng tieng Anh. Tft nhiing gi du<?c trinh bay d tren, c(D the khdng djnh khdng do dy rdng tieng Anh dd thyc sy trd thdnh ngdn ngft toan cau. Nd khdng nhiing dugc sft dyng trong cdc mdi trudng dan ngft (mdi trudng trong dd tieng Anh Id tieng mp de hay ngdn ngft thft nhat), trong cac moi trudng song ngft (moi truang trong dd tieng Anh la ngdn ngft ddng chinh thftc), md cdn cd trong nhimg mdi trudng trong do nd la mpt ngoai ngft. Nd khdng nhftng dugc sft dyng de giao tiep ben trong cac qudc gia ndi tieng Anh ma cdn (luge sft dyng trong cac sy kipn giao tiep lien qudc gia vd da qudc gia tren the gidi. 3. Giai thich ve sy phat trien ciia tieng Anh nhvr Ik ngon ngir todn cau Trong khodng vdi thap nien trd lai day, khi tieng Anh trd thanh ngdn ngft dugc sft dyng va hgc nhieu nhat tren the gidi, nhieu ngudi bdt dau ddt cau hdi: "Nhirng yeu td ngdn ngft, ljch sft, hay vdn hda ndo ldm cho tieng Anh trd thdnh mgt lyc lugng khdng the khuat 13 phyc dugc trong ljch sft phdt trien cua cac ngdn ngft tren thi gidi"? Cdc hpc gid khdc nhau dua ra nhiing cdch gidi thich khac nhau, nhimg nhin chung hai cdch gidi thich du(3d day la dai dipn. Cach giai thich thft nhat cho rang, sddT tiing Anh "bdnh trudng" khdng the ngdn can dugc Id vi nd cd nhirng d^ diem ngdn ngft de hgc [8]. Nhftng n^di ung hg cdch giai thich nay cho rang ve mat hinh thdi, tieng Anh khdng cd nhieu h^u td hay nhirng tan cftng gdn vdo than tft nhu tieng Nga vd mpt sd ngon ngft chau Au khac. Do dd, ngudi h(?c khdng phai nhd nhung sy khac bipt giiia gidng dye, gi6ng cdi, gidng trung; hp ciing khdng phdi nhd cac hau t6 dien dat cdc y nghia cfta cdch nhu danh cdch, sd hiru each, ddi each tang cdch, cdng cy each v.v Cdch giai thich nhin tft gdc dp ngdn ngft hpc nay td ra khdng thuyet phyc. Li do la vi, neu nhin lai Uch sft cdc ngdn ngft d chau Au, tieng Latinh dd cd lan Id mpt ngdn ngu chung quan trpng dugc ndi va hgc d nhieu qudc gia cua chau lyc nay bat chap sy phftc tap ve hinh thdi cfta nd chdng ban nhu nhung hau td hay nhimg tan cftng bien hinh cua tft va nhirng sy khdc nhau ve gidng, sd, each cua danh tft, V.V.; tieng Phdp tft nhiing ndm 1960 trd ve trudc cung dd tirng la mpt ngdn ngft chung cho cac quoc gia va vimg laiih th6 thupc (lia cua Phdp bat chap cdi thyc te la tieng Phap kli6ng phdi Id ng6n ngft dan gian ve huih thdi; tieng Nga la ngdn ngft cyc ki phftc tap ve cdc pham tru nhu giong, s6^ each, thi, the, thdi vdi nhftng bien td cd ve rat khd nhd, nhung trong phdn thft hai cua the ki XX nd cung da timg la ngon ngft dugc sft dyng va dugc hgc rpng rai trong cdc nudc thugc kh6i xa hgi chu nghia d D6ng All, ke cd a Vipt Nam. Tft day cd the khdng dinh rSng, nhung dac diem ngdn ngft dugc cho la de hgc khdng 14 Ngon ngiif sd 1 nam 2011 the la can cft de giai thich cho vipc mgt ngdn ngft dat dugc vj the toan caa Ndi each khac, mpt ngdn n^u kh6ng the trd thanh ng6n ngu toan cau bdi vi nhiing dac tinh cau true npi tai dugc cho Id de hpc cfta nd. Ngugc 1^, nhiing ddc diem phftc t^p ve hinh thdi va cau true khdng the ngdn cari mgt ngdn ngft d^t dugc vj the todn cau. Ngugc lai vdi each giai thich thft nhdt, each giai thich thft hai cho rdng sd dl tieng Anh trd thdnh mgt ngdn ngft todn cau la do sue manh ^uan sy va sue; manh kinh te trudc het Id cua de quoc Anh va sau dd la cfta ca hai de qudc Anh vd My [2,7], mang lai. Quan diem ndy dd dugc ljch sft the gidi chiing minh vd do dd dugc chftng tdi chia se. Di ngugc ddng lich sft, cd the thiy r3ng tieng Hy Lap da cd lan trd thdnh ngdn ngft chimg d Trung Ddng, nhung vipc trd thdnh ngdn ngft chung nay cua tieng Hy Lap chdc chdn khdng phai do tri tup cua cdc nhd bdc hgc vT d^ cua Hy L^p cd dai nhu Socrates, Plato, Xenophdn hay Aristdt mang lai ma chinh la do sftc manh quan sy the hipn d nhftng luoi gucmi, ngpn giao cua nhiing dpi quan Hy Lap dudi thdi Alexander Dai de. Tieng Latinh dd tftng dugc sft dyng lam qudc te ngft d chau Au, nhung sy thinh hdnh ciia nd chinh Id do siic manh cua nhftng dgi quan Le duang dudi de che La Ma thdi cd d^ mang lai. Tieng A rap dd tftng cd dg lan tda rpng lan a Trung Ddng vd d Bdc Phi, nhung dp lan tda nay khdng phai la do dao dftc hay uy tin cua ngudi A Rap, cdng khdng phai do nhirng ddc (fiem ng6n ngft cua tieng A rap ma do sftc manh cua nhiing dpi quan Ma Rdc yem trg cho vipc truyen bd dao Hdi d the ki XVIII mang lai. S^ hipn dipn cua tiing Tay Ban Nha, tieng Bd Dao Nha, va tieng Phdp d chiu Ml, chau Phi vd vung Vien Ddng cdng khdng phdi do bit ki li do nao khac ngoai U do vl sue mgnh quan sy cua cac cudng qudc dl quoc nay trong thdi ki Phyc hung. Vd li do tai sao tieng Nga cd the hipn dipn vd lan tda rgng khdp cdc quoc gia Dong Au va cac nudc thugc hp ihong xd hgi chft nghia trong nhung th|p nien tft 1960 -1980 cung khdng phai la ngogi Ip: dd chinh sftc mgnh quan sy cua qudc gia nay d phan thft hai cua the kiXX. Mpt qudc gia cd sftc mgnh quan sy cd the dp ddt ngdn ngft cua minh vao (nhirng) qudc gia phy thugc, nhung de duy tri va md rpng ngdn ngft dd trong (nhiing) quoc gia phy thugc thi qudc gia cd sftc mgnh quan sy phdi cd ca sftc mgnh kinh te. Tieng Anh dudng nhu dugc sy yem trg cfta ca sftc mgnh quan sy va sue manh kinh te de bien nd trd thanh mgt ngdn ngft todn cau. Trd lgi lich sft xam luge va khai pha thugc dja cua de qudc Anh, cd the thay rdng tft thai ki hau can dgi, ddc bipt la tft dau the ki XIX, nudc Anh dd trd thanh mgt qudc gia cd nin mau djch vd cdng nghipp dung hang d&u thi gidi; n(3 da cd nhung chien thuyen du mgnh de di chinh phyc cdc quoc gia thupc ^a va dd phdt triln dugc mgt nen kinh te du manh, mgt nen khoa h9c dft hipn dgi de cd the chi phoi cdc qudc gia nay. Dan s6 cua nudc Anh trong giai dogn dd khdng ddng, khodng 5 tiipu ngudi vdo ndm 1700, tang len 10 tripu ngudi vdo ndm 1800, nhung khdng mgt quoc gia ndo tren the gidi cd thi sanh dugc vai nd ve tdng trudng kinh tl. Hau hit nhung phdt minh cua cugc Cach mgng cdng nghipp deu cd nguon gdc hi nudc Anh Vao 1800, cdc khu vyc tdng tnrdng chinh trong ngdnh dpt va khai khoang d Anh phat trien nhanh din muc ma ngudi ta dd phdi ggi nd la "cdng xudng cua the gidi," mpt cdch ndi an dy dl chi sy sdng dgng trong phat ftien kinh te cua de qudc Anh luc biy gid. . . Vi the 15 Tiep theo sy phat triln hdu nhu kh6ng cd ddi thft cfta nudc Anh vd song song vdi sy phdt triln nay Id sy phat trien cyc ki mau Ip^ day hipu qud ciia nudc My. Vdo cudi thi ki XDC, dan so nuiirc My (3a len din 100 tripu, ddng ban bat ki qudc gia Tay Au ndo va nen kinh te cfta nudc My la nen kinh tl phdt trien nhanh nhat, manh nhat the gidi. Cimg vdi sy banh trudng ve quan sy vd phat trien mgnh me ye kinh te, tft gifta the ki XVI den cudi the ki XIX, de qudc Anh dd "xuat khiu" tieng Anh di khdp mpi nai tren the gidi de cudi cung nd trd thdnh mpt ngdn ngft dugc sft rgng rdi den mftc ma nhieu ngudi Anh dd tuyen bd mpt cdch nggo mgn rang "mdt trdi khdng bao gid ldn tren dit nudc Anh". Tft cudi the ki XIX den nay, sftc mgnh ve quan sy vd kinh tl cua Mi nhu la cudng qudc so mpt tren the giai dd thyc sy la hgu thuan cyc ki quan trpng de bdo dam cho sy duy tri va phdt trien hiu nhu dan phuang cua ng6n ngft ndy tren hanh tinh trai dat. 4. Vj thi cua tieng Anh ff Vi^t Nam Cftng vdi sy banh trucing cua tieng Anh tren the gidi, sy banh trudng cua tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngogi ngu sd mpt d Vipt Nam la khdng the cgnh tranh dugc. Trong giao dye phd thdng, tieng Anh la mdn h^c bdt bugc ya Id mgt trong sdu mdn thi de lay bdng tdt nghipp trung hgc. Lu(?mg thdi gian mgt hgc sinh tdt nghipp phd thdng dugc yeu cau phai h9c tieng Anh hipn nay la khoang 700 tiet. Trong giao dye dgi hgc, tieng Anh tham chi cdn dugc coi trpng han: nd la mdn hgc bat bupc d cd ba bac hpc cft nhan (14 tin chi = 630 tiet hpc), thae sT (7 tin chi = 315 tiet hoc) va tiln sT (3 tin chi = 135 tiet hpc) . Trong bon ngogi ngft dugc cdng nhan va bdt bu^c phdi hgc trong hp thdng gido dye qu6c dan d Vipt Nam (tiing Anh tieng Nga, tiing Trung, yd tiing Phdp), tiing Anh hdu nhu chilm vi the dgc tdn. Vj the hau nhu dpc ton nay the hipn d cho ti Ip hpc sinh phd thdng hgc tieng Anh chilm kh()ang 97%, ti Ip sinh vien dgi hgc h(?c tieng Anh chiem khoang 94%, va ti Ip hpc vien cao hgc va nghien cftu sinh h<^ tieng Anh chiem khoang 94% (chi tiet, xin xem [4]). Vj the cua tieng Anh d Vipt Nam hipn nay cdn dugc thftc day va khuyen khich bdi nhiing chinh sdch tich cyc cua Nha nudc. Ngay 15 thang 8 ndrn 1994, Thu tucmg Chinh phu da ki Quyet dinh yeu cau tdt cd cdc quan chftc Chinh phu deu phai hgc ngoai ngft, chu yeu la tieng Anh. Gan day nhat, ngdy 30 thang 9 ndm 2008, Thu tudng Chinh phft da ki Quylt dinh sd 1400/QD-TTg ve vipc phe duypt De dn "Day vd hcj)C ngogi ngft trong hp thdng giao dye qu6c dan giai dogn 2008 -2020", tri gia hipn hdnh khoang 9.378 ti d6ng. De an quy dinh m6n ngogi ngft dugc dgy va hpc trong cac ca sd giao dye thugc hp thdng giao dye qudc ddn la tieng Anh va mpt sd ngogi ngft khac. Theo Quyet djnh, De dn "Day va hgc rigoai ngu trong hp thdng giao dye qudc dan giai doan 2008 -2020" bao gdm 3 giai dogn: giai dogn thft nhat tft 2008-2010; giai doan thft hai tft 2011-2015; va giai doan ba tft 2016-2020. Trong giai dogn thft nhat, trgng tam dugc ddt vdo vipc xay dyng chucmg trinh ngogi ngft 10 nam, nghia la ngudi hgc dugc hgc ngogi ngft bdt diu tft ldp 3. Trong giai dogn hai, trpng tam dugc ddt vao vipc trien khai dai tra chuang trinh ngogi ngft 10 ndm d phd thdng. Va trong giai dogn ba, trgng tam dugc ddt vdo vipc hoan Ihipn chirong trinh ngogi ngft 10 ndm d phd th6ng, trien khai chuang trinh day vd hgc ngoai ngft tdng cudng doi vdi tat cd cdc trudng dgy nghi, trung cap chuyen nghipp. 16 Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011 cao ddng va dgi hgc. Ve chuan ngogi ngu, De an xdc dinh:^ "Khung trinh dg ndng lyc ngogi ngu can xac dinh rd yeu cau ve trinh dg, ndng lyc nghe, ndi, dqc, viet tuang thich voi tieu chi xdc dinh 6 bgc do Hipp hgi cdc td chftc khao thi ngogi ngft chau Au dd ban hdnh trong dd bgc 1 Id thip nhat vd bac 6 la cao nhdt" [10, 2]. De an cdn khuyin khich cac ca sd dao tgo dgi hpc trien khai va phdt trien cdc chuang trinh song ngft. Nhu ciu hgc tiing Anh d Vipt Nam ldn den mftc ma nd khdng chi dirge day trong hp thdng gido dye qudc dan rna cdn ca d ngoai hp thdng gido djic qudc dan. Trong khu vyc ngodi hp thdng giao dye qudc dan, Vipt Nam dang chirng kien sy hipn dipn ciia cdc "cdng ti tieng Anh" ion nhu Hgi ddng Anh (the British Council), Language Links (Anh), Apollo (Hoa Ki), Cambridge International Examinations (Anh), TOEFL va TOEIC (Hoa Ky). Song song vdi cac djch vy kiem tra trinh dg tieng Anh, cdc cdng ti tieng Anh ndy cdn chdo cdc khoa h(?c tieng Anh khdc nhau, thugc cac trinh dg khdc nhau, ddp ftng nhftng nhu cau cy the cua cac ddi tugng h(?c khdc nhau Ben cgnh dd, nhieu trudng phd thong dgy bdng tieng Anh, nhieu trung tam tieng Anh budi tdi da va dang dugc md ra, dap img nhirng nhu cau trye tiep cfta ngudi h(?c. Cdng bdng ma ndi, nhd cd gdng cua nhiing cdng ti tieng Anh va cac CO sd ddo tgo ngoai hp thdng giao dye qudc dan nay ma trinh dp tieng Anh d Vipt Nam dd cd nhirng cdi thipn dang ke, cimg cd virng chdc ban vj the cfta tieng Anh d cd trong vd ngoai hp thdng gido dye qudc ddn. 5. Tuong lai ciia tieng Anh a Vipt Nam Hipn tgi, vj thi cua tiing Anh nhu la mgt ngogi ngu so mgt d Vipt Nam la rd rdng. Tuy nhien, nhung gi xay ra trong ljch sft cfta cdc ngdn ngft_ chung tren the gi(7i va d hx)ng nudc chdc chdn lam cho nhilu ngudi khdng khdi bdn khoan: "Lipu tiing Anh cd duy fti dugc vi thi nhu nd hipn cd ft-ong ftrang lai hay khdng?" Dy doan vl vi thi tucmg lai cua mgt ngoai ngft trong mgt qudc gia la mgt vipc lam cyc ki khd khdn, neu nhu khdng ndi la rago hilm. Tuy nhien, neu cho rdng mpi vat deu cd md diu vd ket thftc thi tiing Anh cd le khdng phai la ngoai Ip. Ljch sft ngogi ngft tren the gidi dd timg chimg kien sy lan tda va sy suy tan cua cdc ngdn ngft chung nhu tiing Latinh, tiing Hy Lgp, Tuang ty, lich sft ngogi ngft a Vipt Nam ciing da tftng chftng kien sy phdt trien cua chft nho nhu Id ngdn ngft dugc sft dyng chinh thftc trong cung dinh cfta cdc trieu (igi phong kien Vipt Nam vd sy suy giam cua nd khi ngudi Phap xam luge Vipt Nam, de rdi: Ndm nay hoa ddo nd, Khdng thdy dng do xua. Nhitng ngudi mudn ndm cii, Hdn d ddu bdy gid? (Vu Dinh Lien, Ong dd) [3, 69] Tiep theo sy suy tan cua chft nho la sy suy giam cfta tieng Phap tft ndm 1954 khi ngudi Phdp thua tran vd bupc phai nit khdi Vipt Nam de thay vdo dd la sy thinh hanh cfta tieng Nga d mien Bdc yd cua tieng Anh - My d mien Nam. Va rdi den ndm 1975 khi ngudi My bupc phdi nit khdi Vipt Nam, tiing Anh tam thdi nit lui, tiing Nga trd thdnh ngoai ngft chilm vj thi hiu nhu dpc ton d cd hai mien Nam va Bdc. Nhung tft khi che dp xd hpi chu nghia d Lien Xdtanrdvdondm 1991, tiing Nga khdng cdn chilm vj tri dpc tdn ma nhuang cho cho tieng Anh cho din hipn nay. Vj the Nhu vgy, tiing Anh sg cd luc suy tan, nhung khi ndo nd suy tan d Vipt Nam nhu nhftng ngdn ngft tiln nhipm cua nd la cau hdi ma hipn chua thi cd cau tra ldi chinh xac. Tuy nhien, dya vao nhimg boi cdnh vdn hda - xd hgi trong dd tiing Anh dugc sft dyng nhu hipn nay, hoan todn cd cdn cft de tin rdng It nhit Id din hit nfta diu cua the ki XXI, v} the cfta tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngdn ngu toan cau tren the gi(M va nhu la ngogi ngu so mgt d Vipt Nam la khdng thay ddi. Li do la vi tieng Anh dudng nhu "dd phat trien de dgc lgp vdi bat ki hinh thuc kiem sodt xd hgi ndo" [2, 129], va tdc dgng cua nd vdo cac khia canh cua ddi sdng chinh tri, kinh te, xd hgi tren the gidi hipn dgi mgnh den mftc ma " neu nhiing ai bj tudc mat ca hgi hgc tieng Anh thi hp la nhfing ngudi phai chju thipt. Dd khdng phai Id trudng hgp cfta 50 ndm trudc khi tieng Anh chi la mgt trong nhieu ngdn ngft quoc tl Dieu dudng nhu la neu bgn mudn chdng lgi sftc mgnh khai thdc cua tieng Anh, thi bgn phdi dftng tieng Anh de lam vipc dd" [6,362]. 6. Kit lu^ va nhirng ham y cho vi|c xay dyng chinh s^ch ngo^i ngir Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi dd khao sdt vi the cfta tieng Anh tren the gidi vd d Vipt Nam. Tir nhiing gi dugc trinh bay, cd thi khdng dinh rdng tieng Anh Id ngdn ngft dang cd thanh the hom so vdi cac ngdn ngu khdc, nd dudng nhu xuat hipn khdp mgi nai. Sy hipn dipn cua tieng Anh tren the gicM hipn nay rgng lan den mftc ma nhd ngdn ngft h.QC xd hgi ngudi Dan Mgeh Robert Phillipson [91 dS. phai dftng thugt ngft "chft nghia de quoc ngdn ngft" va nha nghien cim ngdn ngft ngudi Nigeria Ayo Bamgbose [1] dd phdi dftng thugt ngft "ba quyen" va each ndi an dy "sd thgp phdn hoi quy" de chi sy lan tda khdng gi ngdn can ndi cfta nd. Sy banh 17 tnrdng vd ba quyen cua tieng Anh ban diu dugc jIm trg bdng sftc manh quan sy cua de qudc Anh vd sau dd dugc cftng cd va duy tri bdng sftc mgnh kinh tl cua hai nudc Anh vd My va cdc qudc gia ndi tieng Anh giau cd khac. Them vao dd, sy duy tri vd banh trudmg cua tieng Anh cdn dugc hudng din bdi niem tin (cua nhieu ngudi trong cdc qudc gia trong dd tieng Anh Id ngdn ngft dong chinh thftc va la mgt ngogi ngft) rdng tieng Anh la cdnh cfta ddn nhan nhftng tri thftc mai ve khoa hgc va cdng nghp, la ca hgi thdng tien, la tieu chi ca ban de cd dugc nhiing cdng vipc tdt han, cd thu nhdp cao han, v.v. va V.V SIIC mgnh quan sy dp ddt vipc sft dyng tieng Anh trong cdc qudc gia thugc dia, sftc mgnh kinh te duy tri va md rgng phgm vi sft dyng cfta tieng Anh va khi vipc sft dyng dugc nhdn thay cd ve sinh lgi thi nd dudng nhu dugc chap nhan mpt cdch ty nhien. Sy bdnh truijng va ba quyen cfta tieng Anh la mgt thyc te ma chinh sach ngdn ngft, ddc bi^t chinh sach ngogi ngft cfta bat ki qudc gia nao ciing deu phdi tinh den. Tuy nhien, chi dya vao thyc te nay ma bien tieng Anh thdnh ngogi ngft dgc tdn trong mpt qudc gia thi cd !g Id mgt chinh sdch ngoai ngu thieu can ddi, de gay ra nhirng hdu qud khdng mong mudn. Li do la vi, la mpt phin cua chinh sach ngdn ngft, chinh sach ngoai ngft khdng phai chi tac dgng den ca cau cac ngogi ngft ma nd cdn tdc dgng den nhiing van dl idnh te, chinh tri, xd hgi, b(M vi nd khdng phai chi phyc vy cho myc (fich h(?c ngoai ngft ma cdn phyc vy nhieu myc dich khac nhaa Dieu ndy cd nghia la, da ngoai ngii la chinh sdch dugc ua chugng trong bat ki qudc gia nao cua the gidi hien dgi. Trong nen gidcD dye da ngogi ngft ciia mpt qudc gia, bit ki khi ndo cd mpt ngdn ngu dugc trao ddc an, thi ciing 18 Ngon ngiif sd 1 ndm 2011 diu thudng dan den vipc cdc ngdn ngu khdc b} xem nhp ho^c bj logi bd. Tuy nhien, sg hoan todn khdng hipn thyc khi chd dgi rdng tat cd cac ngoai ngu dugc cdng nhgn trong mgt qudc gia deu dugc coi trgng ngang nhau. Chinh vi vdy ma tfty theo hoan canh cy the, cd the chgn mgt ngogi ngft (ngogi ngft thft nhit) lam mdn hpc bit bugc vd nhiing ngogi ngu khdc (ngogi ngu thft hai) lam lam mdn hgc t\c chgn. Mgt chinh sdch ngoai ngft nhu vay van tdn tao tim quan trpng cua ngogi ngft thft nhit trong khi van coi trgng mpt each hcpp li cdc ngoai ngft khdc, tranh dugc tam li bj "logi bd" va, do dd, tranh dugc xu hudng cyc doan chi hgc mgt ngogi ngu trong vipc lap chinh sach. Chinh sach ngdn ngft khdng phdi la myc dich ty than. Ca sd h(?p li cfta nd phdi la cai md nd cd the gdp phan vao phdt triln vdn hda, chinh fti; kinh te, va xd hpi tong the cua mpt cjiidc gia Trong mdi quan hp ndy, chi nhdn mgnh vao nhipm vy thu nhin thdng tin, tilp thu tri thuc khoa hq>c va cdng nghp, hay vao myc dich sinh lgi de bipn minh cho vipc xay dyng mgt chinh sach don ngogi ngft la hoan todn chua dft, hoan todn khdng thuyet phyc. Trong boi canh hgi nhdp vd toan cdu hda, mgt chinh sdch ngogi ngft ma trong dd mgt ngogi ngft phd bien dugc sft dyng trong giao tiep qudc tl rgng lan ben cgnh tieng mp de vd cdc ngogi ngft quan trpng khdc cd the la mpt chinh sdch cd y nghia; nd chdc chdn sg gdp phin tich cyc vao sy phdt trien da dang va hdi hda cua mpt qudc gia. CHU THICH ' M$c dit dupc cho Id bdo thu trong tiip nhgn tieng Anh nhung trong thicc ti ngucri Nga rdt coi trpng vi?c hqc tiing Anh. Diiu nay co the thdy thong qua thuc ti Id ngay trong thai ki chien tranh Ignh (tii giua din cuoi the ki XX), rdt nhiiu cong trinh khoa h(K, cd khoa hpc t\r nhien vd khoa hpc xd hoi vd nhdn van, bdng tiing Anh ducrc djch sang tiing Nga. ^ S6 li?u diniK lay tit cdc chucmg trinh ddo tgo hi?n hdnh a Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd Ngi d cdc ca sa ddo tgo dgi hgc chua dp difl^g phuang thic ddo tgo tin chi, thdi lugng ddnh cho tiing Anh a mdi bgc hgc cit nhdn, thgc Sl vd tiin si co the dugc tinh theo cdch khdc. TAI LI$U THAM KHAO 1. A. Ban'-hose, A Recurring Decimal: English in Language Policy and Planning, In The Handbook of World Englishes, BE. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL Nelson (Eds.), Singapore: Blackwell, 2006. 2. D. Crystal, English as a Global Language, Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 3. Hodi Thanh & Hodi Chdn, Thi Nhan Vi$t Nam, In ldn thir mudi ba, 1997. 4. Hodng Vdn Vdn, Nhu cau va dpng ca hpc tieng Anh ciia sinh vien nam thur nhit, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, T/c Khoa hgc - DHQG Hd Ngi, 2007, tr. 125-137. 5. L. E. Ling & A. Brown, English in Singapore: An Introduction, Mc Graw Hill Education, 2005. 6.M.A.K Halliday, Written Language, Standard Language, Global Language, In The Handbook of World Englishes, B.B. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL. Nelson (Eds.), Singapore: Blackwell, 2006. 1. N. Honna, East Asian Englishes, In The Handbook of Worid Englishes, BE. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL. Nelson (Eds.). Singapore: Blackwell, 2006. 8. RD. King, The Beginnings, In The Handbook of World Englishes, B.B. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL Nelson (Eds.), Singapore: Blackwell, 2006. 9. R. Phillipson, Linguistic hnperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ^ lO.Thu tudng Chinh phd, Quyet djnh so 1400/QD-TTg ngay 30 thang 9 nSm 2008 ve vi^c duy?t De an "Dav va hpc ngo^i ngu trong hf thong giao due quoc dan giai dogn 2008 - 2020". . tren hanh tinh trai dat. 4. Vj thi cua tieng Anh ff Vi^t Nam Cftng vdi sy banh trucing cua tieng Anh tren the gidi, sy banh trudng cua tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngogi ngu sd mpt d Vipt Nam. hgc h(?c tieng Anh chiem khoang 94%, va ti Ip hpc vien cao hgc va nghien cftu sinh h<^ tieng Anh chiem khoang 94% (chi tiet, xin xem [4]). Vj the cua tieng Anh d Vipt Nam hipn nay. khdi Vipt Nam de thay vdo dd la sy thinh hanh cfta tieng Nga d mien Bdc yd cua tieng Anh - My d mien Nam. Va rdi den ndm 1975 khi ngudi My bupc phdi nit khdi Vipt Nam, tiing Anh tam thdi