H€ THONG BUON BAN PHRT THBI CUB U€N /VIINH CHRU BU - CO CHC'l/NG PHO VOI SLT BICN DOI KHI HRU TORN CnU Ths. Bui Viet Hirng Vien Nghien cuu ChduAu 1. Boi Ciinh chung \c bien doi khi hau toan cau Trong mpt \'ai ihap ky qua, ciing voi su phat trien nhanh chong eiia khoa hoc c6ng nghe, la nhu cau khai ihdc vd sir dung ngdy mpt lang ngu6n ldi nguyen khodng sdn, ldi nguNcn rirng, phd buy he sinh thai, sinh quNcn tren loan Irai dal. He luy ciia sir gia lang cac boat dgng nhu vay gay ra qua trinh phdi ihdi mot lugng lon khi cacbon, nito vdo bau khi quyen khien be mat Irai dal co xu huong ngdy cdng nong len, gay ra nhiing Ihdm hoa nhu lii lut, ban ban, chdy rimg dien ra tren khap cdc khu vuc voi lan suat ngdy mpi lang. Theo cdc nhd khoa hgc, nguyen nhan chfnh ciia bien d6i khi hau Irai dal Id do sir gia lang ciia cdc boat dpng lao ra cdc chal Ihdi khf nha kfnh, cdc boat dpng khai thdc qua mirc cdc be hap Ihu khf nhd kfnh nhu sinh khoi, rimg, cdc he sinh Ihdi ven bien Nguy CO xdy ra nhirng tdc dgng toi te nhit ciia bien d6i khi hau co the dugc gidm Ihilu phan lon neu lugng khf thdi vdo khf quyin on djnh a miic 450 ppm- 550 ppm, tuong img mirc tang nhiet do tir 2°C- 2,4°C (Hien nay gan 430 ppm). Dieu d6 doi hoi ting lugng khf thdi ft nhat phdi thip hon 25% mirc hien nay vdo nam 2050. Day dugc xem nhu mot Irong nhirng thach thirc Ion nhat doi vai cac quoc gia co mirc phdt thdi cao Irong vice thuc bien cac cam kel cat gidm miic phat thai quoc gia Dirng truoc nhung tbuc trang \a ihach Ihirc ngay cdng lo lon nhu \ay, \iee lim ra nhirng gidi phdp cung nhu xay dung cac chien luge phdt trien ben viing khong chi la nhiem vu cap bdch ciia moi quoc gia ma doi hoi phdi CO sir chung la\ cua todn nhan loai Irong cugc chien chong bien doi khf hau loan cau. Tren linh than do, hgi nghj quoc le do Lien hiep quoc trieu lap tai Rio de Janeiro nam 1992 da thong qua Hiep djnh Khung va Chuong trinb Hdnh dgng quoc le nham ciiu \ an Tmh Irang "xau di" nhanh cbong cua bau kbi quyen Trdi dal, von dugc coi Id nguyen nhan chu yeu cua sir gia tang hiem hga. To chirc nghien ciiru Lien chfnh phu ve Bien doi khf hau ciia Lien hiep quoc (IPCC) da dugc thdnh lap, tbu hiit sir tham gia cua hang ngan nhd khoa hgc quoc te. Voi muc tieu cat giam lugng khf thai gay hieu ung nhd kinh, iin diu tien mpt khuon kho phap ly ve biln dii khf hau mang tam quoc te ciia Lien hiep quoc voi sir tham gia ky ket ciia chinh phu cdc quoc gia tham aue intf^nif. imoH itaii p.Hat thai. 41 du da dugc thong qua trong bdn du thdo ngdy 11/12/1997 lai Kyoto, vd chfnh Ihiic co hieu lire vao ngdy 16/2/2005. Nghj djnh Ihu Kyoto da danh ddu moc quan trpng Irong n6 lire lodn cau ve bdo ve m6i truong vd phdi trien ben vung. Theo lh6ng ke ciia IPCC, Ifnh den Ihdng 11/2007 da co 175 nuoc kf kel Iham gia chuong trinh ndy, trong do co 36 nuac phat trien (Lien minh Chau Au dugc linh la mpt nuoc) dugc yeu cau bat bupc phdi gidm thieu khi thdi nhd kinh ma hg da cam Nghj djnh thu Kyoto Id mgt cam kit dugc lien bdnh dua tren nhirng nguyen lac ciia Chuang trinh Khung cua Lien hiep qu6c ve bien doi kbi hau, Irong do cdc qu6c gia Iham gia ky ket phdi chap nhan viec cat gidm khi CO2 va 5 loai khf gay bieu irng nhd kfnh khdc nhu CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs vd SFg, trong khodng thai gian lir 2008- 2011. Miic Iran da dugc quy djnh cu the nhu: Lien minh Chau Au Id 8%; 6% voi Nbal Ban , Irong khi mirc ban ngach cho phep lang Id 8% voi lie, vd 10% voi Ailen. kel \u6ng il nhat Id 5% so \o\ nam 1990. Bang I: Mot so chi tieu cam ket giam phat thai khi nha kinh ciia cac nuoc tham gia ky ket Nghj djnh thir Kyoto Cac chi tieu ve de xuat giam thai khi nha kinh Con duong phdt thdi ben viing d6i voi cdc nuoc phdt trien Lien minh Chau Au Anh Phap Diic Italia Thuy Dien Uc Canada Nhat Bdn Nauy My Ngan ban Khf phdt thdi dal dinh diem Cac chi tieu Kyoto 8% 12,5% (20% chi tieu quoc gia) 0% 21% 6,5% -4% -8% 6% 6% Tang 1% (chi tieu quIc gia gidm 10%) 7% Trung ban 30% Dai han Il nhdt 80% Hau Kyoto 20% hay 30% vai thoa thuan quoc te 26-32% 40% 25% 12% tang so voi ndm1990 30% - 60-80% thoa tbuan qu6c te 60% 75% - - - - Gidm 80% so vol nam 1990 50% 100% Ngudn ;?/rp://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_VN_Chapter31 .pdf 42 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU EUROF2 „.« ^ h H >JH>(Hi •^ ssv»(e*:*< P^'"HM «TI33».<4.JI1 Nham the che hoa nhirng cam kcl eiia chinh phil cac nuoc Irong Nghj djnh Ihu Kyoto \ a dc nhung cam kcl ndy di vdo hien thuc, CO tfnh rang buoc ve mat phap ly ciing nhu linh den \ an dc gan kcl giiia giam thieu phai thai khi nha kinh \(Vi van de phat trien ben vung. Nghj dinh thu Kyoto da dc ra cac nguyen lac \a quy uoc \oi khung thai gian ihirc hien chuong trinh. Theo do, cac qu6c gia tham gia ki ket dugc chia Idm 2 nhom: Nhom cac quoc gia pbal Iricn (con ggi la Phu luc 1), la nhom bat buoc phdi luan ihco nhiing cam kcl cat giam khi nhd kfnh; vd Nhom cac quoc gia dang phdt trien (kh6ng thupc Phu luc 1) (Non Annex 1), kh6ng bj rdng huge vdo cdc nguyen lac iing xir Irong Nghj djnh Ihu. Nghj djnh Ihu quy djnh ro: Trong truong hgp cdc quoc gia Irong nhom Phu luc I khong dap iing dugc yeu cau dal ra trong bdn kf kel, se bat buoc phdi cat gidm them 1,3 lugng khf vugl mirc cho phep Irong ihori ban liep Iheo ciia Nghj djnh. Muc lieu phat thdi cua moi nuoc Irong giai doan 2008- 2012 se dugc tfnh todn Iren co so trung binh cpng ciia 5 nam. Qud trinb thir nghiem phdi dugc lien hdnh vdo nam 2005 nham cat gidm 3 loai khf chu yeu Id CO2, CH4 vd NaiO, so sdnh voi miic nam 1990. Vol ba co che linh hoat Id: Buon ban phdt thdi todn ciu (lET); Co che dong thuc hien (JI) vd Co cbi phdt trien sach (CDM), Nghj djnh thu Kyoto cho phep cac nuoc Irong Phu luc 1 co the liep can linh boat cac co ehl tren nham dal dugc muc lieu gidm ihdi quoc gia. So lieu bang Iren cho Ihay, van de cai giam pbal thai khf nhd kfnh da thuc sir Ira thanh mli quan lam bang dau 6 mgt so quoc gia khi cong bo chuang Irinh cat gidm khi nhd kfnh dugc thuc hien voi mire do manh mc ban voi cac cam kel chung nhu: Lien minh Chau Au se cat gidm 30% so voi cam kcl Id 20%), Vuong qu6c Anh tu dal ra chi lieu Kyolo+. tlic Id cat gidm 20% so voi cam kcl Id 12,5%), Nauy gidm 1% vox miic cho phep dugc ldng 10% Thai ban cam kel Nghj djnh Ihu Kyoto se het han vao nam 2012. trong khi nhirng cugc tranh luan tren cac dien ddn da phuang ve cdc van de bien doi khf hdu giira mpt ben Id cdc quoc gia phdt trien voi mgi ben Id cac quoc gia dang phdt trien chua di den h6i ket. Nbu-ng lieu chf moi cho vice xay dung va hinh ihdnb ngan quy cdcbon todn cdu chua dugc thiet lap, trong khi d6 nhiing no lire gidm Ibieu phdt thdi khf nhd kfnh chua dugc bao nhieu thi cong viec tat yeu vd cap bdch hien nay doi hoi moi mgt quoc gia can phai nhanh chong co nhung giai phdp hiru hieu hon trong chfnh sach phat trien nang lugng. Dot vol cdc quoc gia phdt trien can vd phai c6 nhiing co che vd giai phap hiiu hieu hon trong van de cat giam khf nhd kfnh. Cac ri^^ i(<<y-T<^ tj^ttfti i^itt fu'nir man. 43 phuang dn djnh gid thj truang cacbon lodn cau can co cdi nhin diing dan ban Iren ldl cd cac phuang dien ve lac dgng doi voi van de kinh le xa hoi Con cdc quoc gia dang phat trien ciing can phdi co 16 trinh huong loi mpi nen kinh le cacbon Ihap, co Ifnh den cdc yeu lo ngu6n lire du>' Iri tang iruorng kinh le xa hpi vai van de xoa doi giam ngheo. Trong khuon kh6 cdc cupc dam phan da phuong trong thai gian vira qua ve cdc giai doan liep theo ciia Nghj djnh tbu Kyoto, loi nay, mpi s6 kjch bdn da dugc dua ra thdo luan. Cac quan diem xoay quanh van de ve viec lim ra nhirng giai phap hiru hieu ban Irong van de cat gidm hon nira hieu ung khf nhd kinh. Tuy nhien, viec an djnh lim ra an s6 cho cdc kjch bdn van chua dugc nhat quan nhu: Cac nuoc cong nghiep pbal trien can phai cat gidm 6f miic do bao nhieu la hgp ly? Cdc cam ket trong Nghj djnh thu Kyoto can phai CO them che ldi gi de co the mang lai tfnh phdp ly rdng huge cao ban? Cac nen kinh te mai noi phdt thdi khf nhd kfnh nhieu nhu Trung Qu6c, An Do, Brazin can phdi kh6ng che gidm thdi or miic bao nhieu? Hay nhu viec thuyet phuc My, quoc gia c6ng nghiep phdt thdi nhieu khf cdcbon nhat, lai chua tham gia vdo viec phe chuan Nghj djnh thu Song theo mot s6 chuyen gia moi truong nhan djnh, xu huong trong thori gian toi, giai doan tilp theo ciia Nghj djnh thu Kyoto Id thiic diy hgp tdc qu6c tl cin dugc Irien khai sau rgng ban niia, kjch ban "ciing Ihdng" phdi dugc nhan rpng. Cdc nuoc phdi Irien can nhanh chong co Irdch nhiem, ho trg ldi chinh va cong nghe nham giup cdc nuoc ngheo, cac nuoc dang pbal Irien thuc hien chien luge chuyen doi nang lugng cacbon thap. Chfnb sach phdt trien nang lugng sinh hpc ciia cac qu6c gia pbal trien ciing can phai dal Irong sir pbal trien ben virng l6ng the ciia cac qu6c gia dang pbal Irien, Iranh gay ra hau qud gid nhien lieu sinh hoc ldng cao lai cdc nuac phdt Irien se gay ra hieu iing chat pha rirng tai cac qu6c gia kem phdi Irien. 2. Co che boat dong cua he thong buon ban phat thai EU Tuy chi chiem 15% lugng phdt Ihdi CO2 ra loan the giai, song nhiing gi dal dugc Irong su6l thai gian qua da khang djnh vai Iro vd vj the ciia Lien minh Chau Au ngdy cang lang cao trong viec lanh dao vd gidi quylt cdc van de ve bien doi khi hau dien ra a cd hai mirc do khu vuc vd todn cau. Trong Djnh buong Chien luge Chdu Au 2020, EU mpt ldn nira giri di thong diep doi voi loan Ihl gioi Id theo duoi muc lieu chien luge xanh, gin kit giira phdt trien kinh te - xa hoi bin viing voi van de ve moi truong, lang ty trgng ndng lugng tdi sinh vd gidm thieu miic phdt thdi khf nhd kfnh ft nhat 20% so voi nhung nam 1990 vd trong dieu kien co the se ciing cam kit vd chju trach nhiem voi cdc kbu vuc khdc, dac biet la nhiing quoc gia 44 NGHIEN ClfU CHAU AU EURC: nrr:iinsi?(noi:g.,v.,,;|g in! (.'1 2011 dang phdi Iricn Ircn loan the giai, Irong c6ng cupc ch6ng bien d6i khi hau chung. Mirc phai thai co the se giam xuong 30% vdo nam 2020. Nhu da dl cap a tren. Nghj dinh thu KNOIO \oi 3 CO che linh boat la: Buon ban phat thai loan cau (IT'T), Q\y che dong thuc hien (JI) \a Ca ehe phat trien sach (CDM) cho phep eae quoc gia phat tricMi Irong nhom Phu lue I dugc linh boat dp dung nhdm dal chi lieu giam thai quoc gia. Thj truong cdcbon bay lET Id mgi phuang Ihirc dua Ircn co so ihj truong de dal loi cdc muc lieu m6i truong, cho phep nhirng ai giam pbal Ihdi khf nhd kfnh duoi mirc can thiel dugc sir dung hoac mua ban phan gidm qua mirc de bii cho phdi Ihdi o ngu6n khdc hoac ben ngodi nuoc minh. Viec mua bdn co the dugc thuc hien 6 pham vi irong nuoc, khu vuc hoac dugc thuc hien tren cd binh dien qu6c le. Co che dong Ihirc hien JI dugc quy djnh lai dieu 6 ciia Nghj djnh Ihu Kyoto Id sir phoi hgp thuc hien cdc du an hgp ldc giira cdc nuoc phdt Irien voi nhau nham gidm thdi cdc loai khf quy dinh trong Nghj djnh. Don vj do trong cdc du dn ndy dugc tfnh Id don vj gidm thdi (Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) quy doi luong duong voi 1 tin khf CO2. Co che phdt trien sach CDM dugc ghi Irong dieu 12 ciia Nghj djnh thu Kyoto cho phep chfnb pbii bode tl chirc ca i lan 6 cac nuoc c6ng nghiep thuc bien cdc du dn giam phdi Ihdi lai cdc nuoc dang pbal iricn vd doi lai cae doanh nghiep ndy nhan dugc "Chirng nhan gidm phdt thai", viel ldl Id CERs va dugc Ifnh cho muc lieu gidm phdi thai ciia quoc gia do, dong thoi trg giiip cdc nuac dang phdi trien dal dugc muc lieu pbal Irien ben virng bang viec ho trg, khuyen khich eac du an dau lu than ihien voi moi truong tir phfa chfnh phii \ a nhd dau lu ciia cac nuoc c6ng nghiep. Co the hieu co che van hdnh dir dn CDM nhu sau: Mgi nhd dau lu hoac chfnh phil ciia mgt nuoc cong nghiep co the dau tu hoac cung cap ldi chfnb cho mgt du an tai mpt nuoc dang phdi trien nhdm gidm phat thai khf nhd kfnh. Nhu \ ay lugng phdi thai se nho hon so voi truong hgp khong co dau lu phu Irpi (c6 the xay ra neu khong co sir tham gia ciia CDM ha\ con ggi Id phuong an "kinh doanh binh thuong"). \ha dau lu sau do nhan dugc "Chiing nhan gidm thai Cacbon" \ a co the sir dung chimg nhan nay dap img muc tieu Kyoto ciia minh. Neu co che CDM \an hdnh diing, no se khong lam Ihay doi l6ng lugng KNK cin phai gidm thai md don gidn chi la thay doi dja diem phat thai. Trong boi cdnh 15 nuoc thdnh vien EU cam ket 16 trinh thuc hien cat gidm phdt thai khf CO2 theo Nghj djnh thu Kyoto din h^t nam 2012 la 8%, ngay 1/1/2005, nh6m cac nhd lanh dao EU ciing nhau dat duoc moi 45 thoa thuan vl co chi van hdnh he thing pbal thai. Den nay, luy con nhilu nhiing bit cap vd ban che, song c6 the noi viec van hdnh Thi Ihirc Mua bdn phai Ihdi ETS (The European Union s Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) dang dirge xem Id mpi Irong nhiing co che img pho mang lai hieu qud nhat cua Lien minh Chau Au Irong cupc chien ch6ng bien d6i khf hau loan cau. Co che ihirc bien ciia He thong Bu6n ban phdt ihdi Lien minh Chau Au dugc \an hdnli lh6ng qua viec phdn b6 vd mua ban giay phep phdi thdi khf nhd kinh cho cac qu6c gia thanh vien (National Allocation Plans (NAP). Viec pban b6 cdc giay phep can cii vdo t6ng lugng phdt thdi cua cdc co so lap ddt tren tdt cd cdc ITnh vuc nhu dien, luyen kim, khai khodng ddt tai cdc nuoc thanh vien tren lodn khu vuc EU. Cdc giay phep phan b6 ban ngach phdt thdi tir EU toi cac nuac thdnh vien tiep luc dugc phan b6 tai cac co so phdt thdi da dugc dang ky. Theo do, he thong ETS dugc chia ldm 3 giai doan: Giai doan I dugc ggi Id giai doan thir nghiem, keo ddi tir ngdy 01 thdng 01 nam 2005 din 31 thdng 12 nam 2007; Giai doan 2 se dugc triln khai trong khung thoi gian tir 2008 - 2012; Giai doan 3 se tilp tuc triln khai cho thai ky hau Kyoto, tiic Id sau nam 2012. Giai doan I, can cir vao ke hoach ciia cac qu6c gia thdnh vien EU ve l6ng lugng phdi Ihdi dugc Uy ban Chau Au phe duyel, he lh6ng bu6n bdn phdi thai ETS da triln khai vd Ihirc hien phan b6 cdc giay phep dugc gpi Id Tin dung cdcbon (Carbon credit) cho ban 12.000 co so phdt thai lai 22 qu6c gia thdnh vien. Tren co so viec an djnh ban mirc pbal thai khi CO2 chiem khodng 40% l6ng lugng khf Ihdi lodn khu vuc, cdc c6ng ly gay 6 nhiem vugl qud ban miirc can phdi bo lien ra mua them Tin dung cacbon hoac ban lai cho don vj khdc khi con chi lieu ban ngach dugc phan bo. Hoat dgng thuong mai ciia cdc Tfn dung cacbon dugc thuc hien Iheo hai cdch: Thu nhdt, ciing nhu cdc c6ng cu tdi chfnh khdc, cdc Tin dung cacbon dugc trao d6i giiia ben mua vd ben bdn tren cdc thj truong da dugc quy djnh theo ban ngach dugc giai ban (cap-and-trade). Hinh thirc mua bdn han ngach phdt thdi or day co the kiem sodt dugc djnh mirc phdt thdi cua limg c6ng ly, theo do c6ng ty ndo cat gidm dugc lugng kbi phdt thdi co the giao bdn cbi tieu cua minh. Thu hai la Thuong mai cdcbon th6ng qua nhiing du an ddu lu. Co che phdt thdi sach CDM se cho phep nhirng nuoc c6ng nghiep phdt trien nban dugc nhirng ho trg tai chinh tir cdc du dn gidm thieu phdt thdi KNK giiip cdc nuoc dang phdt trien. 46 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU El ;^-sl*^-::^•s^^?^^/^,^?^'A'^^r^(o) O33).20i 1 Tiiong qua hai hinh ihire trao doi nhir tivn. nam dau tien thue hien T IS. ^()2 trieu lan CO: da dirge giao dich Iren tbi tririrng \oi gi;i iii dat 7.2 t\ T.UK, Iinh chung eho den nam 2007 tbi truang ibmnig mai e;iehon loan cau da dat In gia 40.4 i\ TT'R, \a\ 2,7 i\ lan CO;, trong do 00"o la giao djch (28 ty TUR) thong qua lo dure Thuang mai Cae bon cu.i TTJ nlur Qu\ eaehon Kl W cua Dire, (,hi\ eaehon Italia. Dan ,\1aeh Trong giai di>aii I cua qua trinh van hanh he thong I-IS, \(ri phmrng cbam vira hoe \ira lam. I ien minh Chau Au khong k\ \ong nhicu \ao qua trinh giam thai lai cdc quoc gia, ma muc dich chinh la cdn cir vao bao eao kel qua gidm ihdi timg quoc gia bdng nam lam ecr so dc dc ra nhirng chien luge thich hgp hon eho giai doan tiep theo, ddc biet sd la CO so de 1:1' co the dp dung vao giam thai trong ITnh vuc bang khong. Giai doan 11 cua be thong 1- TS dirge bdt dau tir 2008 den 2012. I rong giai do^n nay, hQ ihong ElS cua EU khong chi bao triini toi 27 nuoc thanh vien EU ma c6n mo rgng ra cho mgt so thanh vien khu \ vrc nhu Nauy va Ailen. KhSc phyc nhiing khiem khuyet trong giai do^n I do la sy giao dgng qu^ nhieu ve gia eiia eae tin dung eaebon lir 30 TTJR/lan CO; thang 4/2006 xuong 0.1 EUIVlin vao thang 9/2007, gay ra sy true igi dang ke ciia ede doi tac thuong mai, cac cum cong nghiep lia> cac ca sa dicMi nang I y ban Chau Au dd Ihirc thi mgt loat cac giai phap manh tay nham minh bach boa thi truomg gia\ phep phcit thai, thue hien dau gia cung nhu phan tich kc hoach giam thai cua cac quoc gia, qua do tao nguon ihu ngan saeh nham khu>en khfch h(m niira cac doanh nghiep dau tu vao eae nganh cong nghiep phat thai fl khi eaebon, tao dieu kien gan kel thj truang cacbon \ai eae muc tieu giam thieu bien doi khi hau. NhCrng tin hieu thi trucmg ve gia cac tin dung cacbon duge nang len 19-30 TIR vao ndm 2009 da cho tha\ mgi loat cac giai phdp dieu ehinh cua ItU vol he thong E TS. So lieu Bang 2 cho tha) vi^e eac thong so phdt thai ciia limg quoc gia \ai sy phe chuan cua Uy ban Chau .Au dS gan nhu khong co thay doi gi nhieu. dieu do minh chimg phan nao \e vice quyet sach cua Uy ban dii voi cdc chuang trinh phat thai cua cac quoc gia thanh vien, 1^ ca so de EU thuc hien dugc cam kit voi cpng ddng quoc tl. 47 Bang 2: Gioi ban phat thai giai doan 2008-2012 cua he thong ETS cho cac quoc gia thanh vien Cac nuoc thilnh vien EU Ao Bi Cong hoa Sec Phan Lan Phap HungarN' Dire Hy Lap Ai Len Y Ha Lan Tay Ban Nha Thuv Dien Anh Tong cong Lu°9'ng ph^t thai nikm 2005 dii \&c minh theo Giai doan II ciia ETS (Trifu tan CO2) 33 56 83 33 131 26 474 71 22 226 80 183 19 242 1.943 Oc xuiit ciia chfnh phu (Trifu tan CO2) 33 63 102 40 133 31 482 76 23 209 90 153 25 246 2.045 Uy ban Chau Au cho ph6p (Trifu t^n CO2) 31 59 87 38 133 27 453 69 91 196 106 152 23 246 1.897 Uy ban Chau Au cho ph^p theo ti trpng % lu'9'ng ph^t thai nam 2005 94 105 105 105 102 104 96 97 95 87 97 83 151 101 98 Ngudn: Tdng hgp sd lieu lir European Commission 2007 http://en.x\'ikipedia.org/xviki/Eiiropean Union Emissicm Trading Scheme http://\\\\xv.eoearth.org,/article/European_Union_Einissions_Trading_Scheme_(EU_ETS) va Giai doan III ciia chuong trinh ETS dugc bit diu lir 1/1/2013 din 31/12/2020. Tuy CO nhimg bat d6ng trong viec xay dung mot thoa uac cho thofi ky hdu Kyoto giira cdc ben Iren cac dien ddn da phuang ve bien d6i khf hau, song Uy ban Chau Au van du kien dua ra khung thai gian dkn 31/12/2020. Trong khodng thoi gian ndy, voi ky vong giam tmng binh 36 trieu tin khf thdi CO2 hang nam vd miic gia cdc tfn dung binh quan to 30 EUR/tin khf thdi, he thong ETS se Id cong cu dk EU thirc hien thdnh c6ng nhirng cam kit voi cong d6ng qu6c te. Sir gia tang nhanh chong lugng phdt thdi trong ITnb vuc hdng kh6ng khien cho cdc nhd hoach djnh chinh sdch dang can nhdc de be lh6ng ETS se bao Iriim trong cd ITnh vuc ndy. Theo s6 lieu uoc linh, s6 lugng tfn dung CO2 trong giai doan nay se bao Iriim cho kh6i lugng khodng 10-12 trieu tin khf thdi CO2 trong lodn khu vuc. Nhu vay, co the noi viec trien khai he th6ng ETS trdi qua bai giai doan da bao triim len todn bg he th6ng phdt thdi trong todn khu vuc EU. Din nay, Uy ban Chau Au, mac dii chua chfnh thirc phe duyet cho nhirng kl hoach va . mang lai hieu qud nhat cua Lien minh Chau Au Irong cupc chien ch6ng bien d6i khf hau loan cau. Co che ihirc bien ciia He thong Bu6n ban phdt ihdi Lien minh Chau Au dugc an hdnli lh6ng. vd SFg, trong khodng thai gian lir 2008- 2011. Miic Iran da dugc quy djnh cu the nhu: Lien minh Chau Au Id 8%; 6% voi Nbal Ban , Irong khi mirc ban ngach cho phep lang Id 8% voi lie, . xuat giam thai khi nha kinh Con duong phdt thdi ben viing d6i voi cdc nuoc phdt trien Lien minh Chau Au Anh Phap Diic Italia Thuy Dien Uc Canada Nhat Bdn Nauy My Ngan ban Khf