Truth, lies and the internet a report into young people’s digital fluency docx

59 359 0
Truth, lies and the internet a report into young people’s digital fluency docx

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

Thông tin tài liệu

truth, lies and the internet a report into young people’s digital fluency Jamie Bartlett Carl Miller September 2011 ! !"#!$%&'()*&+,-&!$)&(,!)",)!& "#$%&!'#()*&))!! +#(*!,%**&( ! -&.)&$/&(!0122! ! Truth, Lies and the Internet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n collaboration with the Nominet Trust ;)).IOO@@@849$%4&))(>7)89(:8>AO ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! P>/*%7;&=!/D!C&$97!0122! Q!C&$978!-9$&!(%:;)7!(&7&(<&=8! F;%(=!R*99(! ,#:=#*&4!S9>7&! 2TU!F99*&D!-)(&&)! V94=94!-W2!0FX! F!!1YZ[!Z[Y![\Z\! R!!101!]TU]!Z012! ;&**9^=&$978698>A! @@@8=&$978698>A! Truth, Lies and the Internet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`/99A7B!)(>7)@9();D! G9>(4#*%7$B!4%6;&!&M.&()%7&!#4=!#66>(#)&!?#6)7!#4=!?%:>(&7!#)!9>(! ?%4:&()%.7!);#4!&<&(!/&?9(&B!);&(&!#(&!&a>#**D!>4.(&6&=&4)&=! #$9>4)7!9?!$%7)#A&7B!;#*?`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a>&46&7!9?!);%7!94!796%&)D!#7!#!@;9*&!#(&! >4A49@48!34&!=#4:&(!%7!);#)!D9>4:!.&9.*&!#(&!$9(&!*%A&*D!)9!/&! 7&=>6&=!/D!&M)(&$%7)!#4=!< %9*&4)!%=&#78!57!@&!;#<&!#(:>&=! Truth, Lies and the Internet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`)(>);7B!#4=! $%7)#A&7B!#4=!/&))&(!4#<%:#) &!);&!$>(A%&(!#4=!:(&D&(!@#) &(7!9?! #(:>$&4)!#4=!9.%4%948!! F;&!#/%*%)D!)9!G>=:&!);&!$&(%)7!9?!=%??&(&4)!.%&6&7!9?!%4?9($#)%94!%7! 49)!4&@b!%)!%7!);&!/#7%7!9?!$>6;!9?!6*#77%6#*!. ;%*979.;D8!S9@&<&(B! );&!#(6;%)&6)>(&!#4=!?>46)%94#*%)D!9?!);&!%4)&(4&)!$#A&7!);&!G9/!9?! 7&.#(#)%4:!);&!@;&#)!?(9$!);&!6;#??!&<&4!;#(=&(8!5!7.&6%?%6!/9=D!9?! 7A%**7!#4=!A49@*&=:&!%7!(&a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ruth, Lies and the Internet 5 45675689& @"(%/,&$(.&"($%($9,$:%($9$./$+%&'.&%*+,-,&./%1.&,9$#4%ABC`2Y!D&#(!9*=7L! #(&!<&(D!694?%=&4)!>7&(7!9?!);&!%4)&(4&)B!/>)!#(&!49)!.#()%6>*#(*D! 69$.&)&4)8!F;&(&!%7!79$&!&<%=&46&!)9!7;9@!);#)!79$&!D9>4:!.&9.*&! #(&!=%76&(4%4:B!6#(&?>*!%4)&(4&)!>7&(7B!/>)!$>6;!&*7&!);#)!%4=%6#)&7! );#)!);&!7A%**7!9?!=%:%)#*!4#)%<&7!=9!49)!$#)6;!);&%(!9@4!7&*?` (&.9()#:&I!! ! !""#$%&'#()*)+%,#&%+) /#("#&"+#%00,'#12.13/#"&#+2.# )&4"5$%+)"&#+2.'#%11.//6##(9>4=!94&!%4!?9>(!20`2[!D&#(! 9*=7!$#A&!49!6;&6A7! "#!"$$!@;&4!<%7%)%4:!#!4&@!@&/7%)&B!#4=! *&77!);#4!94&!%4!)&4!#7A!@;9!$#=&!);&!7%)&!#4=!@;D8! ! 7./+2.+)1/#" 5#89%,)+'6#=&6%7%947!#/9>)!%4?9($#)%94! a>#*%)D!%7!/#7&=!94!7%)&!=&7%:4B!(#);&(!);#4!$9(&!#66>(#)&! 6;&6A7!!!#(9>4=!94&`); %(=!9?!20`2[!D&#(!9*=7!/&*%&<&!);#)!%?!#! 7&#(6;!&4:%4&!*%7)7!%4?9($#)%94!);&4! %)!$>7)!/&!)(>);?>*b!#4=! BD%>$(%2$1&%+514&%251#,+$(%&'$%9$(.2,&3%50%($#"/&#%6"&%E"#&%9,#,&% &'$%#,&$#%&'$3%*/,7$%&'$%/557%504?! ! :%13#"4#+.%12)&*6#94*D!94&`);%(=!9?!\`2\!D&#(!9*=7!;#<&! /&&4!)#>:;)!;9@!)9!G>=:&!);&!(&*%#/%*%)D!9?!94*%4&! %4?9($#)%948!R%?)D`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b !#4=!); &!7)#)&!9?!=%:%)#*!? *>&46D!@%);%4!);&! 76;99*8!F9!);%7!&4=B!#! 7#$.*&!@%);!#!(&#794#/*&!7.(&#=!9?!)&#6;&(7! K/D!7&4%9(%)DB!7>/G&6) !#4=!6*#77`#:&L!#4=!76;99*7!K/D!:&9:(#.;%6#*! *96#*&B!76;99*`)D.&!#4=!7&6)9(LB!(#);&(!);#4!#!69$.*&)&*D! Truth, Lies and the Internet 6 (&.(&7&4)#)%<&!.(9?%*&!9?!#**!)&#6;&(7!#4=!76;99*7B!@#7!(&a>%(&=8!F;&! (&7>*)7!9?!);&!7>(<&D!#(&!);&( &?9(&!49)!.&(?&6)*D!(&.(&7&4)#) %<&!9?!);&! )&#6;%4:!.(9?&77%94!#7 !#!@;9*&8!F;&!94*%4&!7>(<&D!$&);9=9* 9:D!#4=! .>/*%6#)%94!7)(#)&:D!@&!&$.*9D&=!=%=!49)!#**9@!?9(!#!)9)#**D! (&.(&7&4)#)%<&!7&(%&7! 9?!=%7)(%/>)%947!#4=!.(9.9()%947!@%);%4!);&! 7#$.*&!69;9()8!S9@&<&(B!@&!=%=!# *D!.97)`7)(#)%?%6 #)%94!@&%:;)%4:7! K#669(=%4:!)9!7>/G&6)7!)#>:;)B!#7!$&#7>(&=!/D!);&!-6;99*!E9(A?9(6&! +&47>7L!)9!%$.(9<&!(&.(&7&4)#)%<&4&778!H)!%7!@%);!);%7!6#<&#)!%4! $%4=!);#)!@&!.(&7&4)!);&7&!=#)#8!5!?>**!$&);9=9*9:D!%7!#<#%*#/*&!%4! );&!#44&M8!! F;&!?%4=%4:7!%46*>=&I!! ! ;&+.5&.+#+.%12)&*#%&(#,.%5&)&*#)/#49&(%$.&+%,#+"# !"!#$%&'%()**$'+&(#0.5/"&%,#,) /6#YY!.&(!6&4)!9?! )&#6;&(7!7>(<&D&=!6947%=&(!%4)&(4&)`/#7&=!(&7&#(6;!)9! /&! ,)>5(&.1&%05(%&'$,(%>">,/#4%#2'55/ :5(7F##4=!\[!.&(!6&4)! (&.9()!);#)!);&%(!.>.%*7!;#<&!/(9>:;)!%4?9($#)%94!%4)9!);&! 6*#77(99$!);&D!;#<&!?9>4=!94*%4&8!][!.&(!6&4)!/&*%&<&!);#)! %4)&(4&)`/#7&=!694)&4 )!)9!/&!%$.9()#4)!%4!);&!?9($#)%94!#4=! 9./,+.&,51%50%&'$,(%>">,/#4%6$/,$0#?! ! ,-+() %'+ '/* #-0'+1*"2'2)-#.'!"!#$%&'0#3#2+$' /3),,/6#\\!.&(!6&4)!9?!)&#6;&(7#7>( <&D&=#);%4A!);#)!=%:%)#*! ?*>&46D!%7!#4!%$.9()#4)!7A %** !?9(!.>.%*7!)9!.977&77B!/>)##6(977! .%(.1-$%50%)$.#"($#8%&$.2'$(#%(.&$%&'$,(%>">,/#4%+,-,&./%0/"$123% 7A%**7!#7!/&*9@!#<&(#:&8!H 4!.#()%6>*#(B!);&!#. .*%6#)%94!9?!?#6)` 6;&6A7!9(!9);&(!79>(6&!<&(%?%6#)%94!94!);&!94*%4&!%4?9($#)%94! );&D!6947>$&B!);&!#/%*%)D!)9!(&69:4%7&!/%#7!9(!.(9.#:#4=#B! #4=!);&!<#(%&)D!9?!7%)&7!);&D!<%7%)B!#(&!(#)&=!$97)!.99(*D8! ! <)/)&4"5$%+)"&=#05"0%*%&(%=#%&(#1"&/0)5%1'# +2."5)./#%5.#>.)&*#>5"9*2+#)&+"#+2.#1,%//5""$6#Z]!.&(! 6&4)!9?!)&#6;&(7!7>(<&D&= 0 !(&.9()!;#<%4:!&469>4)&(&=! #(:>$&4)7!@%);%4!*&77947!9(!7>/$%))&=!76;99*@9(A!);#)! 694)#%4!%4#66>(#)&!%4) &(4&)`/#7&=!694)&4)!);&D!(&:#(=!#7! =&*%/&(#)&*D!.#6A#:&=!/D!);&!.(9=>6&(7!)9!/&!$%7*&#=%4:!9(! =&6&%)?>*!K?9(!&M#$.*&B!;9*96#>7)!=&4%#*!.#6A#:&=!#7!(#=%6#*! ;%7)9(%6#*!(&<%7%94%7$L8!2Y!.&(!6&4)!(&.9()!); %7!; # &47!94!#)! Truth, Lies and the Internet 7 *&#7)!#!$94);*D!/#7%78! P&(;#.7!$9(&!7>(.(%7%4:*DB!ZY!.&(!6&4)! 9?!)&#6;&(7!7>(<&D&= T !(&.9()!;#<%4:!;#=!#(:>$&4)7!%4!6*#77! @%);!.>.%*7!#/9>)!6947.%(#6D!);&9(%&78!,9(&!);#4!94&!%4!?%<&! (&.9()&=!);%7!;# &4%4:!94!#!$94);*D!/#7%78!!! ! !.%12.5/#>.,) #" 5?2.,$)&*,'#+2%+#()*)+%,#4,9.&1'# & (/#+"#>.#*) &#$ "5.#05"$)&.&1.#)&#+2.# 1,%//5""$6#\\!.&(!6&4)!9?!)&#6;&( 7!7>(<&D&=!6947%=&(! =%:%)#*!?*>&46D!)9!/&!#4!%$.9()#4)!7A%**!?9(!D9>4:!.&9.*&!)9! .977&77b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c9<&(4$& 4)!7;9>*=! ,12/"+$%+,-,&./%0/"$123%.#%.%*25($%25)>$&$1234%,1%&'$%G.&,51./% +>((%6>*>$!=>(%4:!%)7!6>((&4)!(&<%&@8!C%:%)#*!?*>&46D!%7!#! ?9>4=#)%94#*B!69(&!7A%**!);#)!7;9>*=!>4=&(*%&!)&#6;%4:!#4=!*&#(4%4:! #6(977!#**!7>/G&6)7B!#4=!%7!49)!694?%4&=!)9!#!7%4:*&!7>/G&6)8!57!#! $%4%$>$B!#**!76;99*7!$>7) !)&#6;!.>.%*7!#/9>)!7&#(6;!&4:%4&7B! .(9.#:#4=#!)&6;4%a>&7B!79>(6&!#))(%/>)%94!)&6;4%a>&7B!#4=!);&!(%7A7! 9?!=#)#`7;#(%4:8 [ !5*);9>:;!);&(&!#(&!79$&!.(9$%7% 4:!%4%)%#)%<&7!%4! 79$&!76;99*7B!69<&(#: &!%7!.#)6;D!#4=!)99!$#4D!76;99*7!=9!49)!)&#6;! Truth, Lies and the Internet 8 %)8!c%<&4!);#)!#4!%46(&#7% 4:!4>$ /&(!9?!76;99*7!@%** !/&!9.&(#)%4:! 9>)7%=&!);&!d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c99:*&!#4=!N#;99e!7;9>*=!6(&#)&!$#)&(%#*7!);#)! 6#4!/&!>7&=!%4!);&!6*#77(99$B!#4=!@;&(&!.977%/*&B!)&#6;%4:! #77%7)#46&8!5!/&7.9A&!@&/!.(&7&46&!7;9>*=!/&!6(& #)&=!)9!.(9<%=&!#4! 9<&(#(6;%4:!694)&M)!?9(!=%:%)#*!?*>&46D!)&#6;%4:B!9(:#4%7%4:!);&! *%4A7B!$#)&(%#*7B!*&7794!.*#47!#4=!&M#$.*&7!4&6&77#(D!?9(!6*#77(99 $! )&#6;%4:8! ,%7%4?9($#)%94!9?)&4!);(%<&7!/&6#>7&!%)!%7!$9(&!#))(#6)%<&*D! .#6A#:&=!#4=!=%77&$%4#)&=!#7!7;#(#/*&B!796%#*!$&=%#`?(%&4=*D! .(9=>6)78!F&#6;%4:!(&79>(6&7!$>7)!>7&!);&!7#$&!)&6;4%a>&7!)9! )&#6;!#7!D9>4:!.&9.*& !>7&I!N9>F>/&!<%=&97B!@&/%4#(7B!%4)&(#6)%<&! )#7A7!#4=!.9=6#7)78!,9(&9<&(B!%4)&(4&)`/9(4&!$%7%4?9($#) %94!9?)&4! );(%<&7!94!#4)%`&7)#/*% 7;$&4)!A>=97B!#7!#!@#D!?9(!D9>4:!. &9.*&!)9! #77&()!%4=&.&4=&46&!9?!$%4=8!5!=%:%)#*!?*>&46D!6#$.#%:4!$>7)!49)! 9<&(*D!%=&4)%?D!@%);!#>);9(%)DB!#4=!7;9>*=!#*79!%46*>=&!$#)&(%#*!); #)! .(9<%=&!);&!9 9()>4%)D!)9!6(%)%a>&!#4=!=%76>77 !&7)#/*%7;$&4)!K/&!%)! 9??%6%#*B!:9<&(4$&4)!9(!76;99* L!=&6%7%947!9(!#6)%9478!! E%5.&+/#& (#+"#+% 3.#%#$"5.#%1+) #5",.#)&#$%&%*) &*#%&(# 3"#0#43'2)-#.'()#$0 4&%'*4$#4-'(*4%"5!2#*46'+40' .&1"95%*.#15)+)1%,#+2)&3)&*D#5!=&6#=&!#:9B!$97)!6;%*=(&4!?%(7)! &469>4)&(&=!)&6;49*9:D!#)!76;99*! ! !49@!%)!%7!%4!);&!;9$&8 ] !F;%7!%7!#! =(#$#)%6!6;#4:&B!/&6#>7&!%4)&(4&)!>7&! #)!;9$&!%7!(&*#)%<&*D! >47>.&(<%7&=!?9(!D9>4:!.&9.*&I!9<&(!;#*?!9?!20` 2[!D&#(!9*=7!7#D!);&D! *)5#&/3%"#$%&'$%,1&$(1$&%./51$48%.1+%HB%>$(%2$1&%50%>.($1&#%50%&',#% $% :(9>.!7#D!);#)!);&%(!6;%*=!;#7!#66&77!)9!);&!% 4)&(4&)!%4!);&%(! Truth, Lies and the Internet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`/9 9A7 B!)(>7)@9();D!G9>(4#*%7$B!4%6;&!... *%4&!/D!*%4&B!?9(!.9.>*#(!#4=!694)(96;!#7!W*%7&!d% 6A& (794B!#(:>&!);#)!;9*96#>7)! =&4%#*!;#7!/&&4!@& #A& 4&=!%4!);&!)(#47?&(!?(9$!/9 9A7 !)9!);&! @&/8TY!N&)!#7!%4)&(&7)!:(9>.7!#4=!69$$>4%)%&7!9?!?&**9@! )(#$&4)!#4=!&4:#:&$&4)8!E%);%4!);&7&!9?)&4! 16 Truth, Lies and the Internet. .. P(9?&779(!'D(94!%4!;&(!011Y!%4=&.&4=&4)!(&)!#!.9@&(?>*!&);97!?9(!$#4#:%4:!(% 7A! &4)#%*&=!/D!:9%4:!94*%4&I!)9! );% 4A! *&77!#/9>)!);&!%4)&(1$&%*2."#,1-4%'.()8%.1+%)5($%052"#,1-%51% @;#)!D9>4:!.&9.*&!/(%4:!)9!);&7&!)&6;49*9:%&7B!4#$&*D!&$.9@&(%4:! 17 Truth, Lies and the Internet D9>4:!.&9.*&!@%);!);&! 7A% **7!);&D!4&&=!)9!$#4#:&!);&!(% 7A7 !&4)#%*&=! /D!%4;#/%)%4:!);&!=%:%)#*!@9(*=8Z0!F;&!94>7!$>7)!/&!94!%4=%#*!... @9 (A7 B!);#)!);&%(!.>.%*7!@&(&!/&*9@!#;D568&7585?>E&GEL:6;F&& E&!# 7A& =!.#()%6%.#4)7!@;&);&(!=%:%)#*!?*>&46D!%7!)#>:;)!%4!);&%(! 76;99*7B!#4=!@;&);&(!9);&(!)D.&7!9?!6(%)%6#*!);% 4A% 4:!%7!)#>:;)!%4! );&%(!76;99*7!K4mZ2UL8! ! ! U./#7#%#,"+# U./#7#%#,)++,.# B"# 8*4&2'94*/# @)*)+%,#4,9.&1'# 2182n! [\8\n! 2Z81n! 2[8\n! L+2.5#15)+)1%,# +2)&3)&*# TZ80n! [[8[n! Z8Un! [8Un! ! E&!# 7A& =!.#()%6%.#4)7!%?!);&D!);9>:;)!=%:%)#*!?*>&46D!7;9>*=!/&!... G9>(4#*%7)!@%);!79$&!)!;9@!);&!%4)&(4&)! ?>46)%9478! 18 Truth, Lies and the Internet /$+.!)"&M&!&!$)&*!+!)&B4&-(N(!+'&4'#),/3& '(.#$%*+,-,&./%0/"$1234%&5%+$#2(,6$%&'.&% 69$/%4#)%94!9?!6(%)%6#*!);% 4A% 4:B!&#)%)!94*%4&!?>46)%947!);#)!#(&!( &a> %(&=!)9!/&!#/*&!)9! $&&)!;#h#(=7!.#()%6>*#(!)9!);&!94*%4&!(&#*$8!C%:%)#*!?*>&46D!(&?&(7!)9! );&! 7A% **7!4&6&77#(D!?9(!);&!%4=%#*!)9!>7&!);&!%4)&(4&)!)9!7&#(6;B!... D9>4:!.&9.*&!;9@!D!%)!@#7!)9!/&!?99*&=!/D!);%7!5(&.1&%6$2."#$%,&%+5$#%15&%&$//%35"1-% &9.*&!@;#)!)9!);%4AB!/>)!)(%&7!)9!.(9$9)&!6(%)%6#*!#4=!%4=&.&4=&4)! );9>:;)!);(9>:;!&M.97%4:!#4=!=&6947)(>6)%4:!);&!)&6;4 %a> &7!);#)! 6#4!/&!>7&=!)9!$#4%.>*#)&!);&$8! 26 Truth, Lies and the Internet /$+.!)"&Q &A& R$+!&!$)&!)+/$)"*&!$(,S&& '&)@&&4!,#D!2U);!#4=!">4&!T1);!0122B!C&$97!694=>6)&=!#!7>()!... #4=!0B!9(!.(96#)%948!! 27 Truth, Lies and the Internet (6?:H6:?&>67&9;D,.# 0Z81n! [T8Un! 2Y80n! T8Zn! 18]n! ! 32 Truth, Lies and the Internet H4)&(&7)%4:*DB!@;&4!# 7A& =!%4!@;#)!7>/G&6)!=%:%)#*!?*>&46D!$%:;)!/&! )#>:;)B!);&(&!@#7!#!(&$# (A# /*&!#((#D!9?!=%??&(&4)!7>/G&6)7!.(9.97&=8!!... (&)>(4!=%??&(&4)!(&7>*)78Z]!d9!7&#(6;!&4:%4&!.(9=>6&7!#!4&>)(#*B! =&?%4%)%$5>/$4#% >4=&(7)#4=%4:!9?!7&#(6;!&4:%4&78!ZZ!.&(!6&4)!9?!20`2[!D&#(!9*=7!@;9! >7&!7&#(6;!&4:%4&7!$ #A& !79$&!)D.&!9?!6(%)%6#*!G>=:$&4)!#/9>)! 7&#(6;!&4:%4&!(&7>*)7B!);% 4A% 4:!);#)!79$&!9?!);&!7%)&7!(&)>(4&=!@%**! /&!)(>);?>*!@;%*&!9);&(7!$#D!49)!/&8!S9@& . truth, lies and the internet a report into young people’s digital fluency Jamie Bartlett Carl Miller September 2011 ! !"#!$%&'()*&+,-&!$)&(,!)",)!& "#$%&!'#()*&))!! +#(*!,%**&(. 9()&=!%47)%)>)%947!#4=!49($78!H4=&&=B!94&!9?!);&!9*=&7)! 0"12&,51#%50%'").1%255>$(.&,51%,#%&5%2($.&$%.%*#52,./% $>,#&$)5/5-34%&5%5(+$(8%2.&$-5(,#$%.1+%)$+,.&$%,105().&,51% %4!9(=&(!)9!$ #A& amp;!);&!=%??%6>*)!=&6%7%947!#/9>)!@;#)!)9!)(>7)!#! *%))*&!&#7%&(8!F;&!.&&(`(&<%&@&=!#6#=&$%6!G9>(4#*B!);&!&=%)&=! Truth, Lies and the Internet

Ngày đăng: 23/03/2014, 03:20

Từ khóa liên quan

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan