DAI HQI DANG- Tir NHOfNG CHi DfiH KINH OIEN DEN THaC TIEN PGS, TS NGUYfeN VAN GIANG<*' D ft hdi la hdi nghi dai bieu hoac toan the thanh vien efta mdt td chftc, de thao luan va quyet djnh nhiing vfti de quan tipng nhft efta td chftc. Day la hinh thftc boat dpng chinh tri - xa hdi xuft hien tft rit sdm trong Hch sft nhfti loft va ngay cang phat trien trong xa hdi hien dai. Ngay tft khi sang lap ra chinh dftig each mang dau tien efta giai cap cdng nhfti la "Lien doan nhiing ngudi cdng sfti" nftn 1847, C.Mac va Ph.Ang ghen da xac djnh Dft hdi Lien doan hftig nftn la co cau td chftc cd vi tri, quyin lyc cao nhft efta Lien dofti. Dieu 5 cua Dieu le Lien dofti do chinh Mac va Angghen tryc tiep tham gia soan thao quy djnh: "Ve co cau. Lien doan gdm chi bp, khu bd, tdng khu bp. Ban chip hanh tinng uang va Dft hdi"^'\ Vdi vj tri cao nhft trong co cau td chftc, Dai hdi cimg la CO quan ed quyin luc cao nhit cua Lien dofti: "Dft hdi ed quyin luc lap phap ddi vdi toan Lien doan. Tft ca nhftng di nghi ve sfta ddi dieu le dugc chuyin qua cac tdng khu bd len Ban chip hanh trung uong va cudi cftng dugc dua ra Dft bgi Dft hdi <•> Hoc vien xay dung Dang, Hpc vien Chinh tri Hanh chinh qudc gia H6 Chi Minh. LY LUAN CHiNH TR! 8-2010 hgp hang nftn vao thing Tftn. Trong nhiing tradng hgp khan cap, Ban chap hanh trung uong trieu tap Dft hdi bit thudng"^^l Trong qua trinh td chftc, Iftih dao Qudc te I, Qudc te II, Mac va Angghen ludn de cao vai trd efta cac dai hdi va tich eye tham gia nhiing hoft ddng chufti bj ciing nhu dieu hanh dft hdi, dau tranh de dft hdi thye hien dftng chftc nftig, nhiem vu efta nd, gift vihig nhiing nguyen tic efta chft nghTa cdng sfti. La ngudi ke thfta va phft trien m mdng Mac va Angghen ve chinh dftig each mang efta giai cap cdng nhan vao phong trao cdng nhan Nga, trong qua trinh xay dvmg chinh dftig each mang efta giai cip cdng nhfti Nga, V.I. Lenin rft coi trgng cac dft bdi efta dang. Ddi vdi Lenin, dft hdi dftig khdng chi la co quan lanh dao cd thftn quyen cao nhft de quyet dinh cac cdng viec quan trgng efta dftig ma dai hgl cdn la dien dan chinh trj, m tudng, la gift phap "ed y nghTa quyet djnh" de lam sang td tinh hinh, gift quyet cac bft ddng trong khudn khd efta dftig, bao ve sy trong sang cua cac nguyen tac cua dftig. Tft quan niem ve vai trd quan trgng efta dft hdi dang nhu vay, Lenin rft quan tim 37 de'n viec to chftc dai hdi dang. Ngudi tich eye tbeim gia hau bet cac cdng viec efta dai hdi. Lenin yeu ciu chuong trinh nghj sy efta dft bgi phft tap tmng gift quyit nhung vfti de ndng bdng do tinh hinh thye ti dft ra, cd "phan chia cac muc mdt each tach bach ranh rgt nhat"^^\ Lenin die biet coi trgng viec td chftc thao lufti tai dft bdi, phfti ddi viee lay thao lufti d cac tieu ban thay thi thao lufti d toan dft hpi. Ngudi cho ring "Thay the cac phien hpp efta dai hdi bang cac tieu ban la nguy hiem. Trong cac tieu ban, ngudi ta thao lufti nhieu vfti de ly thft, nhung sau dd chiing roi nmg mft ca, chft khdng dugc dua vao bien ban. Thdi gian de cho cac tieu ban lam viec nghiem tiic khdng nhieu, tftig them thdi gian dd bang each rftt bdt thdi gian lam viec efta toan dft hdi thi khdnp nen"^''l Tuy nhien, sau nhiing cudc tranh lufti, Lenin ddi hdi cac dft bieu phft trung thye, doan ket mgt each thye sy; qua dai hdi phai lam cho dang manh ban, dofti ket hon. Ngudi chi rd: "neu ehftng ta chi doan ket nhft tri mdt each hinh thftc thi chua du ma phai thye su cdng tie Iftn sao cho doan ket hon, gan bd hon trade kia, de loft trft ban nhiing dau vet dft nhd nhft efta dau dc be phai, - dft cho tmdc day, dc be phai nay da bieu bien a dau hoac dudi hinh thftc nao cung vay - nhft quyet khdng de mdt dau vet nao cua de be phai tdn tai. Chi trong dieu kien dd, chftng ta mdi hofti thftih dugc nhiing nhiem vu vT dft dang dft ra trade mat ehftng ta. Va tdi tin chae rang tdi bieu thj nguyen vgng va quyet tftn vung chae efta toan the cac ddng chi khi ndi rang: bft luan the nao, thi qua dft hdi nay, chftng ta cftng phft lam cho su dofti ket nhft tri trong dang vung manh hon, chft che ban, chfti thftih ban! "^^\ Nhfti thftc sau sic vai trd efta dai hdi, ngay sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyen, Lenin lanh dao Tmng uong Dang td chftc dft bdi dftig moi nftn mdt lin, vfta de tao diin dan, co chi thye hien dan chft, ty do tu mdng, phft huy sang kiin, gift quyit cac bit ddng m tudng, tlm ra gift phap cho cdng viec efta dang, vfta thudng xuyen kien toan bd may lanh dao efta dang, tang eudng tap trung, ky luft trong dftig. Vfti dvmg sang tao hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin vao xay dyng Dang Cpng sfti Viet Nam, Chft tich Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta rit quan tftn den van de dft hdi dftig. Ndi ve vai trd efta dft bdi dang, Chft tjch Hd Chi Minh chi rd: "Dai hdi Dang rft quan he den tuong lai each mang cua Dang ta va efta nhfti dfti ta. Dft hdi se lam cho Dang ta da dofti kit cang dofti ket hon nfta, tu tudng va hftih dpng da nhft tri, cang nhft tri ban nfta"^^l Ngudi luu y dang vien va cac td chftc dftig rftig dft hdi Dftig "la mdt djp hpc tap tien bd", la djp de "nang cao tu mdng, y thftc td chftc va ky luft, ddng thdi diy manh cdng tac tien bg hon nua"^^l Qua 80 nam-xay dung va tradng thanh. Dang Cdng sfti Viet Nam da tien hanh 10 ky dft hdi dft bieu. Dieu le efta Dftig dugc thdng qua d cac ky dft bgi deu quy djnh dai hpi dft bieu toan qudc la co quan lanh dao cao nhft efta Dftig. Dft hdi dai biiu toan quoc la noi quyit djnh Cuong Hnh chinh trj, nhiem vu, chft traong efta Dang; quyit djnh sfta ddi Diiu le Dang; noi biu ra Ban Chip hanh Trung uong - co quan lanh dao cao nhit efta Dftig giua hai ky dft hdi. Moi ky dft bdi la mdt djp de kien toan co quan 38 LY LUAN CHiNH TR! 8-2010 lanh dao cac cip efta Dang. Mdi dft hdi deu ed nhiing nhiem vu bet sftc quan trpng, gan liin vdi sy phft triin efta each mang, efta dit nude. Dftig ta khftig djnh: "Dft hdi dft bleu toan qudc va Dft hdi dft bieu cac cap la sinh boat tap thi ldn nhit trong Dang. Nd phft huy tinh sang tao efta ddng dao dftig vien tham gia thao lufti va quyet djnh nhung vfti de trpng yeu efta Dftig, nftig cao tinh thin trach nhiem efta dang vien ddi vdi van menh va cdng tic efta Dang, lft cd tic dung tang cudng tap trung thdng nhft tiong Dang"^*l Tft nhfti thftc vai trd efta dft hdi dftig nhu vay, tai Dft hdi III (nam 1960), Dftig ta chft traong trong dieu kien cho phep hien nay, "cfti phai trieu tap deu dfti Dft hdi dft bieu toan qudc va cac cap, va phft phft huy ban nfta vai trd efta Dft hdi trong sinh hoft npi bp efta Dang"^^l Thuc hien Chi thj 37-CT/TW ngay 4-8- 2009 efta Bd Chinh trj ve dft hdi dftig bd cac cap tien tdi dft hdi dft bieu toan qudc Ian thft XI cua Dftig, toan Dftig dang tap tmng tien banh dft hdi dang cac cap. Chft lugng dft hdi cap co sd va cap huyen vfta qua cd nhieu chuyen bien rft dftig phfti khdi. Cac dft hdi diln ra nghiem tiic, thye hien tuong ddi tdt 4 ndi dung. Cdng tac chuan bj cac van kien dft hdi va td chftc thao lufti cac dy thao van kien; cdng tac chufti bj nhan sy va biu cip uy dugc coi trpng va doi mdi. Viec thao lufti trong dft hdi dfti chft hon, cd tinh chiin diu hon; nghj quyet dai hdi bam sft ban vao dac diim, tinh hinh dang bp; kien toan dugc ban chip hanh theo hudng tre hda, tri me va nftig ddng hon. Viec thi diim chft traong dft hdi dang bd co sd tryc tiip biu ban thudng vy, bi thu, phd bi thu; dai hdi cip tren co sd tryc tiep bau bi thu cap fty da dugc chi dao chat che, thuc hien nghiem tftc, bude dau dft ket qua tdt, tao dugc khdng khi mdi trong dft hdi va du luan xa bgi ddng tinh ftng hg Tuy nhien, qua tdng ket dai bgi cap co sd vfta qua cho thay chit lugng dai hdi efta mdt sd dang bd, ehi bg vfti edn ban che. Nhieu dai hdi cdn tap trung cho cdng tac bau cft, chua chft trgng dftng mftc viee thao lufti dy thao van kien dft hdi, tham gia y kien ve cac myc tieu, phuang hudng, nhiem vy efta nhiem ky tci va gdp y vao dy thao van kien dft hdi dang cap tren. Ndi dung bao cao chinh trj cdri dan trft, chua phfti tich sau nguyen nhfti cua nhiing ban che, yeu kem va thiiu nhung gift phap cu the, mang tinh dot pha, kha thi. Trong khdng it dai hdi, cac bao cao tham lufti vfti cdn hinh thftc, nftig ve bao cao thanh tich, thieu sy thao lufti thft sy dfti chu, thing than. Mdt sd dft bgi chua quan tftn dftng mftc den tdng hgp nhihig ddng gdp cua dft hdi cap dudi vao ngi dung efta cac vfti kien dft hdi, dy thao van kien dai hdi cap tren va dft bgi dft bleu toan qudc. Vin cdn cd noi chufti bj nhfti sy khdng tdt nen khi bau cft liing tiing, hoac dieu hanh bau cft khdng dftng din den phft tien hanh nhieu Ifti. Ty le cfti bd tre, can bd nft tham gia vao cap fty nhieu noi chua dft yeu cau quy dinh. Nhiing ban che ve chft lugng dft bgi cac cap vfta qua lam han che hieu qua td chftc dai hdi, cfti dugc rftt kinh nghiem cho cdng tac td chftc dai hdi cac cap tiip theo. Di to chftc dai hdi dftig theo dftng chu truang efta Trung uong Dftig va theo tinh thfti cac chi din kinh dien, nftig cao chit LY LUAN CHiNH TR! 8-2010 39 lugng dai hdi dftig cac cip, trong qua trinh td chftc dai hdi dftig bg cac cip cin chft y mdt sd vfti de sau: 1. Chu trpng hon niia cdng tdc thong tin, tuyen truyin, ed dpng trude, trong vd sau dgi hpi nhdm thu hut su ehu y vd tgo khdng khi cho dgi hdi, ndng cao nhdn thuc, trdch nhiim cho cdn bd, ddng vien vedgi hpi Dai hdi Dang la co quan Iftih dao cd thim quyin cao nhit di thao lufti va quyet djnh cac cdng viec quan trpng efta Dftig; la phuong thftc CO bfti de lanh dao each mang va xay dvmg dftig. Sy thftig lpi efta dft hpi dang anh hudng tryc tiep den sy phft trien kinh ti - xa hdi efta dja phyong, den tien trinh each mang. Vi vay, phft myen tmyen cho toan Dftig, toan qufti va toan dan thay dugc dft bgi dftig la sy kien chinh trj trgng dft de ed thft do va sy tham gia tieh eye gdp phfti vao thanh cdng efta dft hdi. Cdng tie myen tmyen cho dft hdi phft dugc xac djnh la khau uu tien trong sudt qua trinh td chftc dai hdi. Cfti td chftc, huy ddng va phdi hgp cac luc lugng, phuong tien lam tdt hon cdng tac tuyen tmyen cho dft hdi de tao dugc sy quan tftn iing hd cua nhan dan, efta can bd, dang vien ddi vdi dft hdi. Nen chft trgng tuyen tmyen sau va rdng d ca khu vyc trung tftn va cac vftng xa tmng tam huyen, tinh. Td chftc phong trao thi dua trong cac tftig Idp nhfti dfti lap thanh tich chao mftng dft hpi. Md eae ldp tap hufti, bdi dudng kien thftc, ky nftig td chftc dai hpi, nhit la ve nhihig vin de mdi trong Ifti dai hdi nay cho dpi ngu can bp chi dao. 2. Ldm tdt cdng tdc chudn bi dgi hdi Mftc dp thanh cdng efta dai bgi dang, dft d cap nao cung deu do cdng tac chufti bi quyit dinh, vi thi mudn nftig cao chft lugng dft hdi phft coi trgng va lam tdt cdng tie chufti bj dft hdi. Viee chuin bi va tiin hanh dai hdi dang bg cac cip phft theo tinh thfti ddi mdi manh me phuang thftc lanh dao, nftig cao nftig lye Iftih dao va sftc chien dau efta cac td chftc dftig; phft huy dfti chft, tftig cudng dofti ket, gift viing ky cuong va coi trgng chft lugng. Vi xdy dung ki hogch tiin hdnh dgi hpi: Cac dang bd phai quan triet sy chi dao efta Tmng uong, efta cap tren va tinh hinh cu the efta timg dftig bd de xay dvmg ke hoach dft hdi. Ke hoach phft thye sy rd rang va khoa hgc, vach rd dugc tiing budc di trong qua trinh thye hien, td chftc dai hdi; chi ra khai quft dugc nhihig cdng viee budc phft thye hien trong mdt thdi gian, khdng gian cu the nhu chufti bj cac loai van kien, chufti bj nhfti sy, chufti bj co sd vat chft dftn bao cho dft bdi, cdng tac myen tmyen ; phan cdng trach nhiem cy the cho tftng td chftc vaca nhfti. Vi chudn bi npi dung dgi hpi: Day la mdt trong nhiing viec chuan bj quan trpng nhft, my nhien vfta qua mdt sd cap uy vfti cdn coi nhe, chi tap trang cho cdng tie nhan sy va hinh thftc efta dai hdi. Can thye hien nghiem tftc cac quan diem chi dao efta Trang uong ve cdng tie chuan bj van kien dai hdi va td chftc thao luan cac dy thao van kien. Trade hit phai tap tmng cao cho viee bao dam chft lupng bao cao chinh tri. Doi vdi ban kiem diim efta ban chip hanh phft phfti anh dugc diy dft, ehinh xac, khach quan nhung hoat ddng efta ban chip hanh, khing djnh dugc nhung mat 40 LY LUAN CHiNH TR! 8-2010 manh, mft yiu efta ban chip hanh; chi rd trach nhiem efta tap thi ban chip hanh, trach nhiem efta ca nhan uy vien ban chap hanh ddi vdl nhung yiu kem (niu cd). Vi bdo cdo tdng hpp gdp y kiin cho cac van kien dft bdi cip tren va dai hpi toan qudc, phft thuc sy lam tdt cdng tic hudng din, chi dao triin khai va bd tri mpt sd can bp ed nang luc, tiep thu phan tich, tdng hgp y kien tft co sd. Ban tdng hgp phai neu dugc nhung y kien ddng gdp vao nhihig vfti de cd tinh phd bien, chft khdng phai la nhihig kien nghj ve chinh sach cho mgt dja phuang hay ca nhfti cu the. Vi chudn bi nhdn su ban chdp hdnh, ban thucmg vu: Mudn viec bau ban chap banh tai dft bgi dugc tdt, cdng tic chufti bj nhan sy phai dugc chuan bj bet sftc ty mi, dftng quy trinh hudng dfti. Xay dvmg tieu chufti cap uy cho dai hdi nhiem ky phai dya tren hudng dan efta Trung uong, efta cap tren va phft hgp vdi dieu kien, tinh hinh nhan su efta dang bd. Xay dvmg co cau cap uy, co eau Ban thudng vu phai tinh toan toan dien, dam bao yeu ciu ty le nft, tdn giao, tre; dftn bao 3 dp mdi va ty le mdi thay the it nhft 30% nhung ciing phai dftn bao tieu chufti, chft lugng. Ra soft va gift quyet dftt diem cic vu viec tdn dgng, ndi com, don thu td cao ddi vdi can bg, dftig vien, cac vfti de du lufti quan chftng quan tftn cd lien quan den nhan su dft bgi. Ve chudn bi ngudn nhdn su Ban kiim tra gidm sdt eiia Ddng: Cdng tic kiim tra, giam sat efta Dang dftng trade nhiing yeu ciu, nhiem vu mdi rft cao, nen nhung ngudi dugc biu vao Uy ban Kiim tra phft la nhiing ngudi cd nang lyc, trinh dp, cd ly lufti, hiiu biet luft phap, cd ban ITnh chinh trj vung vang va thftig than, tmng thuc. Ddi vdi ddng chi Chft nhiem, Phd Chft nhiem phft cd dft tieu chuan efta cap uy vien va uy vien Ban Thudng vu. 3. Td ehue diiu hdnh dgi hpi khoa hpc Ket cau chuang trinh dft hpi, eae phien lam viec nen dugc thiet ke khoa hgc, can ddi gifta khdi lugng cdng viec va thai gian. Viec ket ndi cac ndi dung can linh boat, tranh tinh trang chd dpi nhieu. Dofti chft tjch phai nam vung quy che dai hdi, dieu hanh dai bdi theo dftng chuang trinh npi dung da dugc thdng nhft, xft ly Hnh hoft cac vfti de nay sinh trong dft bgi. De khac phuc tinh trang Iftng tftng trong dieu hftih, cfti van ban boa cac npi dung dieu hanh tft dft hpi. Cic thanh vien trong doan chft tjch phft dugc phan cdng nhiem vu cy the, phai phft huy tinh thfti trach nhiem trade dai hdi, dieu khien dugc toan bd hoat ddng efta doan chft tjch va doan thu ky dft hdi. Nhiing ndi dung le tfti nhu chftc mftng, tftig boa phai ngfti ggn, khdng Iftn mft thdi gian. Xay dvmg quy che dft bgi chft cbe, khoa hgc. Quy cbe dft hdi phai bao gdm dugc nhihig vfti de chft yeu la: Nhihig quy djnh ve ndi dung, ve thdi gian lam viec, ve trach nhiem efta Dft hdi, ve che do lam viec efta doan chft tjch va doan thu ky, ve quy che bau cft, quy che thao luan, quy ehe bieu quyet. Tuy nhien, dieu hanh dft hdi van cfti cd su Hnh boat, hgp ly. 4. Bdo ddm that su phdt huy ddn chii trong thdo ludn tgi dgi hpi Cfti tao dugc khdng khi dfti chft trong thao lufti, tap trang nhieu thdi gian cho cac phft bieu tft dft hgl. Cac dy thao bao cao do da dugc nghien cftu, thao luan d co LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2010 41 sd nen d dai hdi cap tren co sd chi nen trinh bay tdm tft, chft yeu neu cac vin de thao luaij, cac van de cdn y kien khac nhau di dai bpl ed nhieu thai gian thao lufti. Cac y kien tham luan phai chufti bj trade, dl thing vao npi dung chinh. Hen quan true tiip den nhiem vu; quy djnh thdi gian mdt y kien chi nen khoang 10 phftt; tan dung thdi gian khi ban kiem phieu lam viec de tiep tuc thao luan, nang cao chft lugng dft hpi. Doan chft tjch chft y duy tri thao lufti vfta bao dftn thai gian, vfta tao dugc khdng khi dan chft thao luan, tranh lufti, ddng thdi tranh trftng lip, nham chan trong thao lufti. 5. Td chuc bdu cu trong dgi hdi ddm bdo ddn chii, khoa hpc Cdng tie chuan bj nhan su trudc dft hdi pbal lam ky luong, tuan thft quy trinh, dam bao tieu chuan theo quy dinh, tao su ddng thuan cao trong can bg, dang vien va nhan dan. Trong dai bdi phai chft y phft buy quyen dan chft efta dft bleu trong viec gidi thieu, de cft, ftng cft va bau cft can bd vao cic chftc danh lanh dao cap fty khda mdi. Doan chft tjch vi ban kiem phieu phai nam viing nhihig diem mdi eua Quy che bau cft trong Dang, ve cdng tic nhan sy cap uy. Dieu banh efta chft tjch doan va trudng ban kiem phieu phft tap trung vao cac npi dung cu the, rd rang. Viec chufti bj phiiu bau phai thft khan traong. Gianh thdi gian dft de dai bieu xem xet, lya chpn khi viit phieu bau. Thuc hien chft traang thi diim dft hdi dang bp cap tren co sd tiarc tiip biu bi thu cap uy la npi dung mdi, can nghien cftu ky quy trinh va each thftc. Diiu hanh cdng tac bau cft can rd rang, mach lac, chinh xac. dam bao yeu ciu dan chft true tiep va phieu kin efta dai biiu. Ban kiim phieu can dugc chuin bj chu dio, dugc tap huan ky ve quy trinh, cac vdng bau di chft dgng trien khai nhiem vu, chinh xac, nhanh ggn trong phat phiiu, khdng mit qua nhieu thdi gian trong kiem phieu 6. Tdng cuong cdng tdc lanh dgo, chi dgo dgi hdi Cap fty cap tren chi dao Ban Td chftc phan cdng can bd, chuyen vien thudng xuyen bam sft dja ban, nghien cftu, gift dap nhihig vudng mac nay sinh trong qui trinh chufti bj va tien hanh dai bdi. Dft hgl dang bd cap tren co sd true tiep bau bi thu cap uy la vfti de mdi, cang ddi hdi cac cap uy phai ehi dao chft che, thft su phft huy dan chft, lam tdt cdng tic tu tudng, tao sy thdng nhat trong nhfti thftc va hanh ddng efta mdi can bd, dang vien. Chi khi nao cdng tic chufti bj dftn bao yeu cau dft ra thi cap uy cd tham quyen mdi quyet djnh cho phep trieu tap dai hdi. Ddng thdi phft eft ngudi true tiep chi dao dft hgl nhftn thye bien dugc nhung ket luan efta Tinh uy ddi vol dai bdi efta mdt dang bg eu the. (1),(2) C. Mac va Ph. Angghen: Todn tap, t.4, NXB Chinh trj quic gia. Ha Npi, 1995, tr.733, 736-737. (3),(4) V.I. Lenin: Todn tap, t.lO, NXB Tien bp, Matxcova, 1979, tr.l20, 121. (5) V.I.Lenin: Sdd, t.43, tr.6. (6),(7) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, t.lO, NXB Chinh tri quic gia. Ha Npi, 2000, tr.ll9, 166. (8),(9) DCSVN: Vdn kien Ddng todn tap, t.21, 1960, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha NPi, 2002, tr.688, 689. 42 LY LUAN CHiNH TR! 8-2010 . Thudng vu. 3. Td ehue diiu hdnh dgi hpi khoa hpc Ket cau chuang trinh dft hpi, eae phien lam viec nen dugc thiet ke khoa hgc, can ddi gifta khdi lugng. cac cap vfta qua lam han che hieu qua td chftc dai hdi, cfti dugc rftt kinh nghiem cho cdng tac td chftc dai hdi cac cap tiip theo. Di to chftc dai