LICH SLf - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU Dfic f>\m cun Qun TRINH nh LRN XAM NHSP DONG Nnivi n (Dfiu TH€'KV XVII - CUOI TH^KV XVIII) Ths. Le Thj Mai Khoa Ljch sdr - Dgii hgc Supham - Dgi hpc Dd Ndng 1 ir sau cac cudc phdt kicn dia li d the ky XV - XVI, trung tam thuang mai the gidi da djch chuyen tir Dia Trung Hai sang ven bd Bien Bdc. Sir thay ddi ve dia kinh te nay da dan den nhirng chuyen bien bet sire to ldn trong nen thuang mai Ddng Tdy cd truyen. He thdng mau dich bang bai dugc hinh thdnh xuyen dai duang, ndi lien cdc luc dia. Thi trudng the gidi dugc md rdng cung dan den sir hinh thdnh chii nghia thuc dan vd ddy nhanh cjud trinh tich luy nguyen thuy tu bdn d cac nudc chau Au. Bd Dao Nha vd Tay Ban Nha, nhd vai trd tien phong trong viec khai md con dudng hang hai sang phuang Ddng vd phdt kien tan luc dia dd dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng vugt bac ve thuang mai, quan sir va truyen gido trong the ky XVI. Tuy vay, vdo dau the ky XVII, uu the dy thudc ve Ha Lan rdi Anh va Phdp. Dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan da vdo cudc vdi sir hau thuan to ldn ciia nen cdng boa non tre ciing hang nghin thuy thu diing cdm. ldnh nghl, vdi mdt ham ddi manh vd hang trdm tdu chien dii cdc loai ludn theo sdt cac ddi thuang thuyen vd cdc thuang diem dugc xay dvmg d hdi ngoai. Tfnh tien phong vd uu viet ciia nen cdng hod tu sdn da trd thanh dieu kien tien quyet, be dd hieu qua cho boat ddng cua gidi cdng thuang gia Ha Lan trong cudc canh tranh quyet liet vdi cdc dich thu, gianh dia vi bd quyen. Ddng Nam A (DNA) tir rit sdm da dugc nhieu nudc ldn tren thi gidi quan tam din vi cd ngudn huang lieu, gia vi ndi tiing vd vi tri chien lugc quan trgng tren true hang hai Ddng - Tay. Din khoang diu thi ky XVI, hdu bet cdc qudc gia DNA tren budc dudng suy thodi da tao ca hdi thuan lgi cho sir xam nhap cua cdc nudc phuang Tay. Theo sau Bo Dao Nha, Ha Lan da cd thau tdm ngudn huang lieu, gia vi hang nhit cua khu vuc DNA hai dao. Ndm 1595, doan vien chinh dau tien cua hg sang phuang Ddng da cap cdng Bantam - mgt thuang cang hd tieu nli tiing tren ddo Java. Lgi nhuan tir chuyin di ndy da md diu cho nhiing boat dgng bdng vfi ^de itienc eua qud ti'inh 55 lire quyet liet ciia Ha Lan trong viec gianh ddc quyen budn bdn cde mat hdng ndy tir tay ngudi Bd, nhit Id khi cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC) dugc thdnh lap (1602). Khi md rdng tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai d cdc vuong qudc trong luc dia nhu Ayutthaya, Dang Ngodi, Dang Trong, Mien Dien, Ldo, Campuchia, Ha Lan chii yeu ddt thuang diem, thdng qua ky ket cdc hiep udc, giup dd vii khi, ky thuat quan sir de thiet lap quan he bang giao vdi chfnh quyen ban xii. Quan he budn bdn cua Ha Lan vdi cdc nudc DNA cd nhung miic do klidc nhau nhung tat cd deu gdp phdn ldm cho Hd Lan vuan tdi ddc quyen thuang mai d DNA vd Vien Ddng. Qua nghien cuu qud trinh Ha Lan xam nhap thi trudng DNA, cd the nit ra cdc ddc diem sau: 1. "Doc quyen thuong mai" chi phoi toan bo qua trinh Ha Lan xam nhap Dong Nam A Vdo the ky XVI, XVII, cdc qudc gia chau Au nhu Bd Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Hd Lan, Anh da ra siic md rdng nen ngoai thuang. Dudi sir bdo trg ciia hodng gia, cdc qudc gia tren bdn ddo Iberia da di tien phong trong qud trinh chinh phuc, xdm nhdp thi trudng chau A. 6 ldn sdng thii hai, chfnh phu Hd Lan, Anh da chii ddng nim lay boat ddng Clia cdc cdng ty thuang mai, cung cap vdn vd trao cho nhieu ddc quyen de bien chiing thdnh nhiing cdng cu xam nhdp hieu qud ban. Dilu ndy chiing thuc tam quan trgng ciia thuang mai trong con mdt ciia cdc chfnh khdch chau Au duang thdi bat ke dudi chfnh the ndo. Chiu dnh hudng cua chu nghia trgng thuang va de ddp img nhu cau tich Iiiy nguyen thuy tu ban, giai cap tu sdn Hd Lan da nd lire bdnh trudng thuong nghiep. Muc dich ma hg hudng tdi Id ldm gidu bdng lgi nhuan tir thuang nghiep, nhat la ngoai thuang. Theo dd, gidi tu sdn cdng thuong ndng ddng da xem xet lam the nao de cd ^ f f f dugc nhiing ngudn bang hod chdc chdn nhat, sinh lgi nhieu nhdt vd tim ra nhirng bien phdp de cd dugc ngudn hdng dd. Khau hieu ciia gidi tu sdn Ha Lan khi vuon ra thj trudng qudc te la ''''Trade, not territory nghia la '''budn bdn, khdng cdn ldnh thd" Ddi vdi hg, lgi fch thuang mai Id muc dfch chien lugc hdng dau. Budn bdn, thu lgi nhuan la dieu de hieu ddi vdi qudc gia tu sdn thuang nghiep mdi vuan len. Vdo cudi the ky XVI, nhu cau ve huong lieu, gia vi cua phuang Ddng d thi trudng chau Au tdng nhanh. Vdn tham gia tfch cue vdo viec thu mua vd bdn lai cdc san pham thudc dia cua Bd Ddo Nha d chau Au nen gidi thuang nhan Hd Lan da nhanh chdng nhdn thay huang lieu, gia vi chfnh Id loai hdng boa mang lai lgi nhuan cao nliit vd "r/n Palmira Brummett (History) & Lydia Pulsipher (Geography): U. of Tennessee, Going Beyond Nation and the "East-West" Divide, http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/intera ctions/brummett.htmi. 56 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n ludng chdc chdn rdng ddc quyen huang lieu Id vdn de ed Idm quan trgng sdng cdn cita qudc gia"" Dc gianh ddc quyen ban nbung mat hang na>' cho thi tririmg chiiu Au thi Ha Lan phai gianh dugc dpc quyen thu mua d noi cung cap, san xuat chiing. Vao thdi diem na>, DNA bai dao da Ird thanh dia ban trung tam cung cap ngudn huang lieu, gia vi ciia the gidi. Nam 1608, Hdi ddng Ileren XVII da xac dinh rang: "'khu virc Banda vd Moluccas Id muc lieu chit yeu chiing ta phdi nhdm vdo" Vi vay, muc dfch hang dau ciia Ha Lan khi xam nhap DNA Id loai bd tat cd cdc the lire cdn trd hp gianh ddc quyen thuang mai cdc mat hang huong lieu, gia vi d khu vuc nay. Ddt nen tang cho todn bd qud trinh ndy la sir thdnh lap mdt cdng ty thuang mai ddc quyen Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan (1602). Cd the ndi, sau Bd Ddo Nha, ngudi Hd Lan (cung nhu ngudi Anh) da dua vdo mdt y tudng hodn todn mdi me, d trinh dp cao trong boat ddng thuong mai qudc te, dd Id loai binb cdng ty cd pban. Trong dieu le thdnh lap, ddc quyen thuong mai vd viing thuang mai ddc quyen ciia Cdng ty da dugc khang dinh: ''Khdng ai ngogi trir VOC cd the dua Idu lir Netherlands den hay kiem sodt nen thuang mgi d khu vuc phia ddng mui liao Vgng vd phia tdy eo Magellan" De dat dugc muc dfch, Cdng ty phdi ''chdng lgi nhirng ke thii cua nen cgng hod vd ngdn cdn cde qudc gia chdu Au khde di vdo nen thuang mgi Ddng An"^ So vdi cdc cdng ty ciia hodng gia Bd vd cdng ty Ddng An Anh, VOC la mdt the lire biing hau ve tdu thuyen, ham ddi, thuy thii vd ngudn vdn. Chinh lgi the dd dd giup ngudi I Id Lan tien rat nhanh a thi trudng Vicn Ddng, gianh lay ddc quyen thuang mai tir tay Bd Ddo Nha trong the ky XVII. O khu vuc DNA hdi ddo, den giu'a the ky XVII, vdi viec loai bd ddi thu Bd Dao Nha, the lire canh tranh ciia ngudi Anh va chinh phuc cdc tieu qudc tren bdn dao Ma Lai, Sumatra, Java bdng vii lire, ngudi Ha Lan da thdnh cdng trong vice gidnh doc quyen thuang mgi cdc mat hang huong lieu, gia vi vd thiec d day. Vi du: ddc quyin cay dinh huang dd rai vdo tay Cdng ty vdi viec kiem sodt cdc ddo Ambonia, Ternate, Tidore vd chinh phuc Macassar; cudc chinh phuc quin dao Banda dem lai cho Cdng ty doc quyen bat vd vd nhuc dau khiu ldm huong lieu; ddc quyin budn bdn thiic dat dugc bdng hiep udc vdi cdc tieu qudc Palembang, Aceh; chinh phuc tilu qudc Bantam, Cdng ty da nim dugc ddc quyin budn bdn ho tieu. D.G.E. Hall: Lich sir Dong Nam A, Nxb. Chinh trj quicgia. Ha Noi, 1997, tr.477. ^ D.G.E. Hail, sdd, tr.472. F.S. Gaastra: Foundation ofthe VOC - the Charter, http://www.tanap.net/content/voc/organization/organi zation found.htm. ^Nt. ~ (Dde itiein exiu qud ti'inh Sl De duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai ndy, VOC da kiem sodt chat che boat ddng thuong mai eiia cdc thuong cang thudc dia ciing nhu nam giii cd qud trinb sdn xudt cdc mat bang nay ciia cu dan ban dia. Vi du. Macassar sau khi bi Ha Lan kiem sodt dd trd thdnh mdt thdnh phd thudc dia, dugc ddt dudi quyen kiem sodt true tiep ciia Cdng ty. VOC Id the lire duy nhat cd quyen budn bdn mdt cdch hgp phap ddi vdi tat cd bang hda ciia Indonesia ciing nhu chau A dugc trao ddi d cdng nay. De dam bdo ddc quyen thuong mai, VOC da qudn ly gdt gao boat ddng cua cdc tdu budn dia phuong. Theo dd, tat cd cdc tdu dia phuang phdi cd mdt gidy thdng hdnh do Cdng ty cap cho mdi chuyen di lai. Day la ddc diem chung cho tat ca cdc thdnh phd cdng khde cua khu vuc qudn ddo thudc quyen kiem sodt ciia VOC^ Trong qua trinh canh tranh vdi cdc ddi thil de gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai cdc mat bang huong lieu, gia vj d khu vuc bdi ddo, VOC da ddnh qud nhieu lgi nhuan budn bdn thu dugc cho viec xay dung phdo ddi, duy tri nhirng vi trf tien tieu ldn vd trang bi cdc ham dpi tdu chien. Vi vay, cdng viec kinh doanh cua VOC trong thuang mai hai chieu giiia chau Au vd chau A khdng thu dugc ket qua nhu mong dgi. Hp bdt dau "theo guang Bd ^ Leonard Blusse: Among Feign Friend and Declared Enermy, Leiden University, 1997, p. 7; din theo Pham Van Kien, Qud trinh banh trudng the luc cua cong ty Dong An Ha Lan a Indonesia va nhirng he qud ciia no, Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi, 2004, tr. 79. Ddo Nha trong viec tim kiem lgi nhuan thuang mgi trong phgm vi chdu A nhu Id phirang tien hd trg cho nen thuang mgi mdt chieu vdi chdu Au vd ed xu hudng tim kiem SU' dpc quyen mpt vdi trong so nhdng sdn vgt quan trgng" De lam dieu dd, VOC da khai thdc nhirng Id trinh thuang mai truyen thdng ciia khu vuc bdng cdcb md ra nhirng mdi quan he bang giao vd thuang mai mdi vdi cdc qudc gia trong luc dia. So vdi khu vue hdi ddo, cdc qudc gia DNA luc dia dugc ngudi Ha Lan chu y den mudn ban. O cdc qudc gia ndy, VOC bj canh tranh quyet liet vd gap nhieu thdch thiic de xdc lap dugc vi the ciia minh. Sir hien dien vd giir vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng kinh te, chfnh tri cua cdc thuang nhan chau A nhu ngudi Nhat, ngudi Hoa, ngudi An, ngudi Hdi ciing nhu sir phdt trien tu cudng, thdi dp bang giao chu ddng cua cdc trieu dinh phong kien dia phuang la nhiing trd lire chu yeu cho nd lire gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai ciia Hd Lan. Bdi ednh dd khdng cho phep VOC sir dung vii lire de chinh phuc nhu hp da lam d khu vuc hdi ddo. Vi vay, xam nhap khu vuc ndy, thdng qua quan he bang giao, thuang mai vdi chfnh quyen ban xii, ngudi Hd Lan da cd gdng kiem sodt mdt sd tuyen dudng budn ban truyen thdng va ndm ddc quyen thu mua mdt sd mat hdng quan trpng la cdc sdn vat cua ^ Nicholas Tarlings: A concise history of Southeast Asia, Frederick A.Praeger Publishers, New York, Washington and London, 1966, p.48. 58 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n tirng viing dat vd ddc quyen cung cap nbung thuang pham theo nhu cau ciia vua chiia vd dan chiing dia phuong. Vi du, xam nhap Ayutthaya, VOC da nim dugc quyen kilm sodt true thuang mai Nagasaki - I'ormosa Ayutthaya, ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da sdng (da huou, da trau) cho thi trudng Nhat Ban lir sau hiep udc 1664; xam nhap thi trudng Arakan \a Miln Dien, VOC da ddc quyen cung cap hang det Bengal; xam nhap hai mien Dai Vict (chu ylu d Dang Ngodi), VOC da ddc quyen cung cip bac, ddng vd tien ddng Nhat Bdn (1675); ddc quyin thu mua da huou sdng, da cd duoi d Campuchia (1665) Them vdo dd, tir sau lenh tda quoc cua chinh quyin Mac phii dugc ban hdnh (1639), Ha Lan cung Id ke tbI chan ngudi Nhat kiem sodt cdc tuyin budn ban giiia Nhat vd cdc thuong cdng ciia khu vuc nhu Aytthaya, Thdng Long, Plinom Penh. Cdc tuyen budn bdn ndy thdng qua boat ddng ciia tau thuyin VOC da dugc kit noi thdnh mdt mang ludi md gidi nghien ciru ggi la he thdng "thuang mai lien A" (inter-Asia trade) bode "thuang mai ndi A" (intra-Asia trade). Md hinh thuang mai nay dugc ngudi Ha Lan ke thira ciia ngudi Bd trudc dd vd khai thdc cd bieu qua, thu dugc lgi nhuan ban rit nhieu trong khi ngudi Anh din sau lai it nhdm vdo viec chia lgi trong mang ludi thuang mai nay md chi chii y ddt cdc ca sd khai thdc vd san xuat. Viec tbiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai tat yeu budc Ha Lan phdi doi mat vdi nhirng thdch thiic to ldn. Mgt mat. Hd Lan phdi loai bd the lire cua cdc ddi thii canh tranh bang vu lire; duy tri thudng xuyen he thdng phdo ddi, lire lugng qudn dpi dl phdng thii; gianh thdng lgi trong cdc cuoc thuang chiln quyet liet vd ddi mat vdi sir pban khdng gay gat ciia cu dan, chfnh quyin ban xir. Mat khde, chfnh sdch ddc quyin thuang mai ciia Cdng ty tat yeu sinh ra nhirng be qud tieu cue khde ma chinh nd se phd va the ddc quyen nhu nan cudp biln, budn lau, budn ban tu nhan va tham nhung. Tat cd nhung he qua phdt sinh tir viec thilt lap vd duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai nay chinh Id nguyen nhan quan trgng nhit dan den su gidi the ciia Cdng ty Ddng An va gop phan ldm cho Ha Lan suy sup d DNA vd tren thi trudng the gidi. Nhu vay, nhan td cbi phdi qud trinh VOC xam nhap DNA Id viec thilt lap va duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai. Ddc quyin thuang mai dugc hieu la ddc quyin mua vd bdn, san xudt vd phan phdi ddi vdi hang hda d mdt thi trudng nhat dinh. Doi vdi Hd Lan, ddc quyin thuang mai hodn toan dugc thilt lap d DNA vao till ky XVII, XVIII chi dien ra ddi vdi mat hdng huang lieu, gia vi d khu vuc hai dao khi hg khdng chi thu mua ma cdn kilm sodt dugc qua trinh san xuit. 6 khu vuc luc dia. Ha Lan chi dgc quyin mdt mat hodc thu mua hodc ban mdt loai hang hod ma thoi. Ngoai ra, ddi vdi hg, ddc quyin thuang mai cdn la dgc quyin van chuyin hang hda buon bdn tren cdc Id trinh thuang mai xuyen luc dia hodc trong khu vuc. ^de itiein eua qud ti'inh 59 Bd Dao Nha trudc dd ciing theo dudi va thuc te da thuc hien dugc ddc quyen thuang mai d chau A ndi chung va ddc quyen kiem sodt mau dich huang lieu d DNA ndi rieng. Ngudi Bd ddc quyen thu mua vd ban huong lieu, gia vi d thj trudng chau Au nhung khdng true tiep kiem sodt viec sdn xudt ngudn hdng nay, gidng nhu tinh budng ddc quyen mdt mat md Hd Lan thuc hien d cdc qudc gia DNA luc dja. Ngudi Bd chi loai bd cdc ddi thu thuang mai ciia khu vuc de ddc quyen thu mua huong lieu vd gia vj dpc cdc hdi cang d Java, Sumatra, Moluccas trong khi ngudi Hd Lan da tien xa hon, tim mpi cdch kiem sodt sdn lugng thdng qua viec ddt ra ban ngach sdn xuat ddi vdi ndng dan bdn xii cho tat cd cdc ngudn hang md VOC yeu cau. Them vao dd, muc dfch chfnh ciia Bd Ddo Nha khi xdm nhdp chau A Id "hgt tieu vd linh hdn" Bd Ddo Nha da sdt sdng, hang hdi theo dudi viec truyen dao di ciing muc dich thuang mai do "su thdng nhdt giira quan diem thuang mgi eua Hodng gia Bd vd quan diem cua Gido hdi La Ma" Sir ket hgp hai ylu td ndy da quy djnh todn bd hoat ddng cua Bd Ddo Nha. Cdng ty Ddng An Anh trong mdt the ky rudi (thi ky XVII vd nira diu thi ky XVIII) eiing theo dudi lgi fch thuang mai, khdng chilm dit dai (chi nira sau the ky XVIII, nd mdi trd thdnh mdt thi luc thuc dan) nhung dd td chirc budn bdn rdng rdi, khdng cd nhirng nhd doe quyen. Ly gidi dieu ndy, Kierman cho rdng khdu hieu ciia ngudi Anh la "tu do kinh doanh" (laissez-faire) trong khi ngirdi Hd Lan "khdng cd cugc edeh mgng cdng nghiep de phd dd nhiing cdu ehdm ngdn eiia mgt chu nghia tu bdn giai dogn sdm da bdm chat vdo su dgc quyen, su gidi hgn vd su kiem sodt chat che" Cdn ngudi Phdp, de xam nhap vdo viing dat ndy, thudng lgi dung lire lugng gido sT. Hoat ddng cd hieu qua cua cdc gido sT thira sai Phdp d khu vuc chfnh Id su md dudng cho cdc boat ddng eiia thuc dan Phdp sau ndy. 2. Su* ket hop giira thucng mai, quan SU" va chinh tri trong phuong thiic hoat dong VOC ciing nhu cdc cdng ty thuang mai Clia cdc nudc chau Au khde ra ddi vd tdn tai trudc bet vi ly do kinh doanh, lgi nhuan hen Id chiem ddng lanh thd. Gidi tu sdn cdng thuang Ha Lan, tir dau da "khdng dgt muc dich md rdng chiem ddng ldnh thd bdi vi viee qudn ly vd phdng ve nhirng ldnh thd ldn se ldm cho lgi nhudn, tien ldi ciia nd tieu tdn het vdo nhiing ehi phi hdnh chdnh" Viec kiem sodt lanh thd chi la sir hd trg de dat den lgi fch tdi cao la thuong mai. Cdng ty Ha Lan ciing khdng nhiet tam vdi viec truyen bd * Nguyin Thi VTnh Linh: Qua trinh Bo Ddo Nha xdm nhdp vdo chdu A (cudi thi ky XV giUa thi ky XVII), Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Hui, 2008, tr.54. ' V G. Kiernan: The Lords of human kind, Columbia University Press, New York, 1986, p.88. '° Mary Somers Heidhues (Huynh Kim Oanh, Pham Viem Phuong djch): Lich su phdt trien Dong Nam A {Tir hinh thdnh den hien dgi), Nxb. Van hoa thong tin, Ha Noi, 2007, tr. 128. 60 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).2011 tdn gido sang viing dat mdi xam nhap. Nhung gi VOC tim kilm Id cdc vj tri budn ban tai nbung noi thudc quyen kicm sodt ciia minh bode tai trung tam banh chinh cua cdc vua chiia dja phuong. Song, ngay tir khi thanh lap, dieu Ie da chinh thu'c thira nhan cac ddc quyen ciia VOC, nhat la ddc quyen thuang mai d thj trudng Vicn Ddng. Chinh dieu nay quy djnh phuang thirc boat ddng ciia Cdng ty la hudng vdo vice thiol lap vd duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai d thj trudng nay. Ddng thdi, vdi CO sd phdp ly ay, VOC dugc todn quyen thay mat Ngbj vien trong quan be vdi ben ngodi, sir dung bao luc, gay chien tranh vd ky ket cdc thuang udc, bda udc; xay dung trung tam dieu hdnh, cdc phdo ddi, kho tdng, hdi cdng vd lap thuong diem; td chirc quan ddi rieng, lay ddng guilder ldm don vj tien te rieng; thuc bien viec bd nhiem cdc vien Toan quyen, xet xir cdc quan chuc ciia minh neu vi pham den dieu le kinb doanh hoac lam tdn hai den lgi ich ciia Cdng ty. Vdi quyen lire tdi cao dugc trao cho, "tu bdn thuang nghiep Hd Lan da nhdy len vii ddi thuc ddn vdi mdt sir lodn quyen ve chinh tri'\ VOC "da trd thdnh mdu mue cho cdc edng ty khde cimg logi vd Id mgt hien tugng dgc ddo trong lich sir cudp bdc thugc dia"^^ Nhu vay, VOC kbdng cbi mdt the lire thuang mai md cdn la " F. la. Polianxki: Lich sic kinh te cdc nu&c (ngodi Lien Xo), Thai ky tu bdn chit nghTa, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1978, tr.80. mdt thi lire chfnh trj, quan sir va tdn tai nhu mdt qudc gia tu trj ddc biet. La ngudi kiln lap de che Ha Lan d Vien Ddng vdi viec thilt lap Batavia, chinh phuc Palembang, Macassar, Toan quyen Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1618-1629) da vach ra ring: Batavia se la trung tam ciia de che thuang mai Hd Lan dua tren viec kiem soat hodn todn viing bien. Ong khdng du kien bat cir su md rdng lanh thd ndo vd khdng quan tam den van dc chinh trj ciia viing ndi dia Java. Theo Coen, nhtirng lanh thd md VOC nen thuc sir chiem giu" Id mdt sd bdn ddo nho nhu Ambonia vd Banda. Khu vuc cdn lai ciia de che se bao gdm nhirng khu djnh cu buon bdn cd cdng sir viing chdc gdn bd chat che vdi nhau va dugc bdo \e bdi mdt luc lugng hdi quan vd djch' Sau Jan Pieterszoon Coen, thdi ky Antonio Van Diemen lam Todn quyen (1636-1645), hoat ddng thdm hiem cdc viing dat de tim kiem cdc ca hdi thuang mai mdi vd viee md rdng kiem sodt ldnh thd dugc thiic day manh me. Ban budng dan cho chuNcMi di ciia Abel Tasman (8/1642) ciia chinh quyen Batavia da bdc Id muc dich thuc su ciia ngudi Ha Lan qua cdch thiic cu the ma hp tiep can vdi cu dan viing dit mdi. Trudc het, nlu viing dit dugc tim thay "da cd eu ddn dugc khai hod sinh sdng, cdc anh se phdi trao cho hg su dn cdn ldn hon ddi vdi ddn man rg hoang da", phai dl dan D.G.E. Hall, sdd, tr.479. ^de diem eua qud trinh 61 ban xir thay dugc thien ebi ciia ke mdi din va "/70 lire di den sir giao thiep vd thuang lugng theo nhirng quy tdc vd thdn ddn cita hg, hay de cho hg biel rdng cdc anh ghe vdo bd chi vi lgi ich thuong lugi" Ban hudng dan ndi den each thiet lap nidi quan be bang giao nham muc dich thuong mai d nhung viing cd cu dan sinh sdng hoac d viing cd cac vj vua chiia cai tri: '"Co gdng khdm phd nhirng mat hdng ndo md ddt mrdc hg sdn xudt, sail dd thdm dd vc vdng vd bgc Irong sir kinh trgng cao do khien hg lin ludng rdng cdc anh khdng hdm hd mdt li ndo ve cdc kim logi quy, de ldm hg khdng biel vi} gid Iri cua nhirng thir nhu the; neu hg ditng vdng vd bgc de trao ddi nhirng mat hdng cua cdc anh, cdc anh se cir gia vd giir Idy nhirng thir dy vdi sir quan tdm qua loa, cho hg xem ddng do, thiec hoge chi vd tgo cho hg dn lirgng nhu the cdc thir kim logi dy cua chung ta Id cd gid trj eao han (ciia bp) ,14 Xuat phat tir muc dich la tim kiem cac CO hdi trao ddi budn ban, danh gid tiem nang ciia viing dat va cu dan phuc vu cho Igi ich thuang mai. eae phuong each ma Ha Lan thuc hien trong viec ddi phd vdi cac tinh hudng d viing dat mdi xam nhap cbo thay tfnh thuc dung nhung kbdng thieu Iinh boat cua gidi thuong nhan VOC. Hp khdng chi budn ban thu lgi nhuan ma cdn cd tbam vpng thay thi ngudi Bd Ddo Nba thiet lap mdt de che thuong mai hiing manh. Vi vay, ndm trong y do ciia Coen rdng, de che thuang mai '^ Manning Clark: Sources of Australian history. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1957, p.7-8. '^Nt. Ha Lan sc kbdng chi gidi ban d Indonesia, ma cac phao dai va thuang diem sc dugc trdi rdng ra todn phuang Ddng, VOC da xiic tien xam nhap khu vuc DNA luc dja. Trudc bet, Cdng ty thiet lap cdc mdi quan he bang giao tdt dep vdi gidi cam quyen Ayutthaya, Dang Trong, Dang Ngoai, Lao, Mien Dien dc md dudng cbo boat ddng budn ban thuan Igi cua Cdng ty d cdc vuong qudc nay. Sau dd, VOC da hd trg ky thuat quan su, tau chien, \u khi trong xung dot giu:a eac the lire phong kicn (lien minh quan su vdi Dang Ngoai), tranh chap lanh thd d khu vuc (xung dot giira Mien Dien vdi Ayutthaya, chinh phuc lieu qudc chu bau Patani ciia Ayutthaya) vd lam ddi trpng loai bd the luc nudc ngoai (Bd Dao Nba va Tay Ban Nha d Ayutthaya). Tat ca phuong thirc, thu doan nay nlidm budc chinh quyen ban xii thira nhan cdc dac quyen thuong mai ciia Cdng ty nhu quyen tu do budn bdn va dam bao an toan khi budn ban tren lanh thd dja phuang, khdng bj ddnli thue hang hda xuat nhap cdng, ddc quyen budn ban mdt sd mat bang, dugc lap thuang diem, khu djnh cu Trong nhieu trudng hgp, VOC da sir dung vii lue de dat dugc muc dich thuang mai ciia minh nhu danh tan ham dpi Anh d vjnh Patani, danh dam tau thuyen budn ban vdi Dang Trong, gay chien vdi Dang Trong. Ddng ke nhat la viec dimg su'c manh quan sir de kiem sodt cira sdng Chao Phraya, danh pba tdu thuyen cua Ayutthaya budn bdn vdi cdc nudc trong khu vuc, budc ngudi Thdi phdi ky vdi Hd Lan hiep udc bat binh ddng ndm 1664. 62 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n 0 khu vuc hai dao, tir dCxii the ky XVII. dua \ao uu the \irgl lrc)i \c sire manh quan su. lla Lan da UCMI hanh cac cupc chicMi tranh ihuxTiig mai mil miic dich clui yeu la ihu lieu dpc quNcn thuang mai cua Bo Dao Nha. I lo xam chicMn vii kicm soiil nhiing \i Iri chien lupc nlur Banda. Ambonia, 1 crnale. Macassar. Malacca. Baiilam. Palembang. Baku ia bang he lhdng phao dai phdng thu \ung chac. Ngoai ra. VOC thuc hicn chinh sach dpc quNLMi mua ban cac mill bang huang lieu, gia \j. thiec lhdng qua vice ky nhung hiep udc mang linh dp dat ddi \di cac lieu qudc lldi giao (Banlam, Macassar, Palembang, Aceh, Kedah, Mataram ). Tir nam 1650 dcMi 1656, de dam bao ddc qu\cn thuong mai, VOC da cudng birc cu dan quan dao Moluccas va Banda chi dugc trdng nhung loai ca\- huang lieu, gia \i nhal dinh vdi sd lugng da quy djnh \a phai nhd, chat bd sd lugng thira nham duy tri gia ca cac san pham nay. VOC da khuat phuc dan ban xir d quan dao Moluccas bang nhung banh ddng Iran dp dam mau. Budc sang the ky XVIII, cimg \di nhung viing do Cdng l>' true tiep cai Iri. VOC cung da sir dung bd nia> chinh qu\CMi ban xir dc bdp nang nhan dan. Toan quyen Anh a Java Stamford Raffles nhan xet xac dang rang, VOC da "kel hgp Irong hogt ddng cua minh lot ca sir xao quyet thuc lien cua mdt chinh khdch vdi todn bg linh ich k}' cua mdi thuang nhdn dgc quyen"" ^ '^ Cac Mac: Sir thung tri Anh a An Do// Mac vd Ph. Ang-ghen lodn lap, lap 9, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Mni tr 1 1~> Nhu vay. cd the ndi su ket hgp giiia boat ddng quan su, "chfnh khach" va "thuang nhan ddc quyen" Id mdt net dac trung trong phuang thirc boat ddng ciia Ha Lan d DNA till ky XVII, XVIII. 3. Cdng ty Ddng An I lii Lan chuyen til" canh tranh thuong mai sang xam chiem Vii cai tri thudc dia • • • Muc dich tim kicm Igi nhuan thuong mai da dan ngudi Ha Lan den viing dat DNA. ca khu vuc hdi dao cung nhu luc dja. Song, mdi quan tam ma VOC hudng den lirng viing, tirng qudc gia khac nhau nen mirc dp xam nhap \a lgi ich thuang mai dat dugc cung khde nhau. Dau the k> X\'1I. ngudi Ha Lan da den tren bd bien Coroniandcl dc tim kicm hang del sgi bdng hu\cn thoai ciia An Dp. Tren ba bien phia ddng An Dp. hp da phat hien ra nen thuang mai sinh lgi ldn bang qua \jnh Bengal den Arakan. Mien Dien va /\yultba>a. Ayullha>a vdi nhirng ngudn lgi \c san pham ndng nghiep ddi ddo (nhit Id liia gao), giau cd cdc loai gia \i, lam thd san quy nhu hd lieu, go tech, dan huang, da thii, long thil cung cap cho thj trudng khu vuc Dong Nam A (Java, Philippines) vd An Dp, md rdng thdng thuang vdi thj trudng Trung Qudc (ddi liy lua, gdm, dd sir, ngpc, hang son vd cde hdng hda khde), ndi tuyin buon ban vdi ngudi Nhat thdnh Id trinh thuong mai truyin thdng Nhat Ban Ayutthaya. Thdng qua mdi quan he bang giao dugc thiet ^de itiein eua tfuii ti'inh 63 lap sdm. Ha Lan da dat dugc nhilu ddc quyen thuang mai d thj trudng nay, nhit la ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da huou cho thj trudng Nhat. "Vdo giira ihi kyXVIl. hdng ndm Ayutthaya xudt sang Nhdt Bdn khoang han 300.000 tdn da huou Ihi phdn ldn viec xudt khdu ndy ihiigc vc VOC vdi sd lgi len din 200%""^^ Tuy NAN, Ha Lan khdng bdng Idng vdi \i tri ddc qu>en mdt so mat hang da cd ma mudn kiem soat hoan loan nen ngoai thuong Clia Ayutthaya. Nhung mau thuan \c quyen Igi kinh te vdi Ayutthaya da chuyen mdi quan he bang giao giua VOC vdi trieu dinh Thdi trong nira dau the ky XVII sang xung dot d nii'a sau the ky XVII. Xam nhap Arakan vd Mien Dien, ngodi tim kiem ngudn luong thue (gao) cung cap cho he thdng hdnh chinh ciia Cdng ty, VOC cdn mudn dat dugc nhirng ddc quyen budn ban bang det va vdi sgi bdng mau dd ciia viing Bengal, An Dp cho cdc thj trudng nay. O Mien Dien, boat ddng budn bdn ciia VOC budc dau gap nhieu thuan lgi. Sd sdch ciia cdng ty cbi ra rdng khdch hang ciia VOC Id tat ca cdc giai tang xa bdi, tir cdc vj vua den cdc quan chiic, xudng den ddm nd Ie thap kem. Nhdm khdch bang quen thudc khde da sdc tdc bao gdm cd ngudi I Idi gido. An Dp, My, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qudc, ngudi Thd NhT Ky vd tat nhien cd ngudi Mien. Lgi nhuan dang ke tir viec bdn mat bang ndy da cung cip cbo cdc ca sd ciia Cdng ty d Coroniandcl va Bengal nhieu ngudn tai chinh dutrir'^ Ha Lan cung nd luc xam nhap thj trudng Dang Trong ciia cdc chiia Nguyen. Tuy vay, quan he thuang mai giua Batavia vdi Dang Trong da sdm dd vd. Nguyen nhan Clia nd, theo Klcinen, Id vice thieu mdt su ddng y ve cdc dieu lual qudc lc lien quan den nhirng con tau mdc can cung nhu nhung vj Iri khac biet md phia I Id Lan vd Dang Trong phdi ddi dien vdi Dang Ngoai. Mat khac, quan he thuang mai vdi Dang Ngoai dugc thiel lap da Idm cho tam quan trpng ciia Dang Trong ddi vdi VOC dan thu hep lai. Khi mdi quan he ay dugc phuc hdi trong ndm 1651, nd ciing khdng phai dugc ca bai ben ddng gdp nhiet tinh. Cdng ty ket luan rang, chang cd nhieu lgi nhuan gi tir mdi I o quan he vdi Ddng Trong Trong thdi gian nay, quan he budn bdn vdi cdc vuong qudc Lao, Campuchia dd dugc thiet lap nhung Cling nhu Ddng Trong, ngudn Igi eiia VOC tai cdc thj trudng nay kbdng Idn. Trong khi dd, boat ddng thuang mai ciia VOC d Ddng Ngodi dii trdi qua nhieu thdng tram nhung da thu dugc ket qud ddng ke. Trpng tam budn bdn ciia VOC vdi Dang Ngoai tap trung vdo viec thu mua cdc loai sdn pham to lua de xuat khau sang Nhat Ban; cde loai sdn pham khde nhu que, xa huong. '^ Le Van Quang: Lich sir vuong quoc Thdi Lan, Nxb. Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh, TP H6 Chi Minh, 1995, tr.91. Wil O. Dijk: The Dutch East India Company in Burma (1634 1680), http://www.iias.nl/nl/34/llAS_NL34_13.pdf. '* John Kleinen: Ve nhung ngudi bgn cu vd nhiing ke thit gid mgo - Quan he cita Hd Lan voi Ddng Trong the ky XVII // Su tie vd Rong, Bon the ky cjuan he Hd Lan-Viet Nam, Nxb. Thg gioi. Ha Noi, 2008, tr.36. [...]... Hd Lan a '* Ddng Ngodi (1637- 1700): Tu lieu vd nhung vdn de nghien cim, Tap chi Nghien ciru Ljch sir, so 3-2005, tr.35-36 " Hoang Anh Tuan: "Gum sir Ddng Ngodi xudt khdu ra Dong Nam A the ky XVII: Tu lieu vd nhdn thirc", Dong Nam A: truyen lhdng vd hoi nhdp, Nxb The giai Ha Npi, 2007, tr.l64 '' Hoang Anh Tuan: "Cong ty Dong An Hd Lan a Ddng Ngodi (1637- 1700): Tu lieu vd nhirng vdn de nghien cihi",... va "giao nop bdt bugc" a nhiing viing md nd kiem sodt^ Nhin chung, VOC chi la mdt the lire canh tranh thuang mai d DNA luc dja, trong khi d khu vuc hdi ddo, nd da dan chuyen tir canh tranh thuang mai sang xam chiem vd cai trj lanh thd Song, cho den cudi the ky XVIII, viec chinh phuc, kiem sodt true tiep lanh thd Indonesia ciia VOC chu yeu phuc vu cho muc dfch phdt trien thuang mai Viec xam chiem lanh... nhung noi cd vj trf chien lugc va "ve ea bdn chi mdi dirng lgi a hinh thiec nd dich thugc dia bdng thuang mat 25 ^* "Dong gop thSt thuang" la hinh thirc c6ng nap san phim ma cac vung dual sir kilm soat trirc tigp ciia Cong ty phai thirc hien, con "giao nop bat buoc" la nhung san phim ma nguai nong dan buoc phai trlng va ban theo gia cl djnh cho Cong ty •^ TrSn Khanh: "Vdn di xdc dinh thai diim thiit... diing phuang phdp lam gidu trong viec buon bdn, giai cap tu sdn I Id Lan khdng he nghT den vice phdt trien nen sdn xudt cdng nghiep Bi kjch ciia Hd Lan the hien d cho, ngay trong thdi dai ciia chu nghTa tu bdn cong nghiep, d mgt miic do nhit djnh, nd van la mdt "nudc cdng hda thuang nghiep" Vi the, Marx da viet: "Ljch sir suy sup ciia Hd Lan, ve phuang dien la mgt qudc gia thuang nghiep giir dia vi thdng... trudng the gidi Chi quen Id Ha Lan, Anh) "vo" vdo khu vyc vdi nhiing tfnh todn ve kinh tl vd lanh thd cd td chirc ban, quy cii ban CJ DNA, VOC da no lire dc thiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai, tim mpi cdch de ngdn kbdng cbo nhirng thuang nhan khde, dii ngudi Au bay ngudi A, budn bdn nhirng mat hang bdn chay nhit Dd Id nhdn td chi phdi todn bd boat ddng cua Ha Lan d DNA Thuang thuyin ciia VOC... Ddng Ngodi (1637- 1700): Tu lieu vd nhirng vdn de nghien cihi", sdd, tr.35-36 hang da giiip Ha Lan trd thdnh mdt thi lire thuang mai himg manh d day Ddc quyin thuong mai d quan ddo da mang lai ngudn thu nhap khdng Id cho VOC Chi tfnh rieng " Hoang Anh Tu§n: "Gdm su Ddng Ngodi xuat khdu ra Dong Nam A thi ky XVII: Tu lieu vd nhdn thiec', sdd, tr 159 ^de itieju eua qua 65 Irinh 80 ndm dau boat ddng budn... din trd thdnh mdt thi luc xam chiem vd cai tri lanh thd khi budc sang thi ky XVIII d Indonesia \ Ci DNA, Ha Lan da din phdi ehju nhudng budc trudc mdt ddi thii qud ldn Ho da bi ngudi Anh loai din nhu chfnh hp da lam trudc dd doi vdi Bd Ddo Nha Moi budc tien kien nhan cua ngudi Anh chirng kiln sir ra di tdt yeu cua ngudi Ha Lan vl thi luc thuang mai vd lanh thd Trong tuong quan lire lugng giira cdc... thirc ddn phuang Tdy a Dong Nam A ", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, so 5-2009, tr.31 66 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20l 1 1 Cd the ndi, so vdi boat ddng ciia nhirng mat de duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai cung ke di lien pbong xdm iiliap DNA (Bo Ddo nhu mau thuan ben trong sir phdt trien ciia Nha, Tdy Ban Nha), vdi hoat dgng cua cde nen kinh te Ha Lan da khien nudc ndy danh... dan, nhd vao sir mau thuan nay sinh giii:a Anh vd Phdp d cudi thi ky XVIII, Hd Lan chi cdn tru virng dugc d Indonesia - vdn la muc tieu chiln lugc tir diu khi hudng sang Vien Ddng VOC bi giai thi ndm 1799, chfnh phii Ha Lan trd ng nin, ndm liy tit cd thudc dia va thay thi VOC tilp tuc chfnh sach cai tri d Indonesia./ Vdo cudi thi ky XVIII, nhirng nhan td khdch quan vd chu quan md VOC phdi ddi 26 Cac... tu bdn thuang nghiep vdo tu bdn cdng nghiep '"' ^ Cdng ty Qua gin hai thi ky boat ddng, Ha Lan da gianh dugc ddc quyin thugng mai hodn todn d khu vuc hdi ddo, cdn d khu vuc luc dja, hp chi gianh dugc ddc quyin mdt sd sdn pham cua dja phuang Thuc tien hoat ddng cua VOC trong gin hai thi ky d DNA Cling da chiing td nd Id mdt cdng cu xam nhap hieu qud ciia Hd Lan md phuang thiic boat ddng Id sir ket hgp . the ky XVI. Tuy vay, vdo dau the ky XVII, uu the dy thudc ve Ha Lan rdi Anh va Phdp. Dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan da vdo cudc vdi sir hau thuan . ky rudi (thi ky XVII vd nira diu thi ky XVIII) eiing theo dudi lgi fch thuang mai, khdng chilm dit dai (chi nira sau the ky XVIII, nd mdi trd