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Even You Can Learn Statistics: A Guide for Everyone Who Has Ever Been Afraid of Statisticsi s a practical, up-to-date introduction to statistics—for everyone! Thought you couldn’t learn statistics? You can—and you will! One easy step at a time, this fully updated book teaches you all the statistical techniques you’ll need for finance, quality, marketing, the social sciences, or anything else! Simple jargon-free explanations help you understand every technique. Practical examples and worked-out problems give you hands-on practice. Special sections present detailed instructions for developing statistical answers, using spreadsheet programs or any TI-83/TI-84 compatible calculator. This edition delivers new examples, more detailed problems and sample solutions, plus an all-new chapter on powerful multiple regression techniques. Hate math? No sweat. You’ll be amazed at how little you need. Like math? Optional “Equation Blackboard” sections reveal the mathematical foundations of statistics right before your eyes! You’ll learn how to: • Construct and interpret statistical charts and tables with Excel or OpenOffice.org Calc 3 • Work with mean, median, mode, standard deviation, Z scores, skewness, and other descriptive statistics • Use probability and probability distributions • Work with sampling distributions and confidence intervals • Test hypotheses with Z, t, chi-square, ANOVA, and other techniques • Perform powerful regression analysis and modeling • Use multiple regression to develop models that contain several independent variables • Master specific statistical techniques for quality and Six Sigma programs
ptg From the Library of Gayle M. Noll ptg Even You Can Learn Statistics Second Edition A Guide for Everyone Who Has Ever Been Afraid of Statistics David M. Levine, Ph.D. David F. Stephan From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg Vice President, Publisher: Tim Moore Associate Publisher and Director of Marketing: Amy Neidlinger Executive Editor: Jim Boyd Editorial Assistant: Myesha Graham Operations Manager: Gina Kanouse Senior Marketing Manager: Julie Phifer Publicity Manager: Laura Czaja Assistant Marketing Manager: Megan Colvin Cover Designer: Alan Clements Managing Editor: Kristy Hart Project Editor: Anne Goebel Copy Editor: Paula Lowell Proofreader: Williams Woods Publishing Interior Designer: Argosy Compositor: Jake McFarland Manufacturing Buyer: Dan Uhrig © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as FT Press Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 FT Press offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales. For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales, 1-800-382-3419, corpsales@pearsontech- group.com. For sales outside the U.S., please contact International Sales at international@pearson.com. Company and product names mentioned herein are the trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America First Printing August 2009 ISBN-10: 0-13-701059-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-701059-2 Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited. Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia, Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levine, David M., 1946- Even you can learn statistics : a guide for everyone who has ever been afraid of statistics / David M. Levine and David F. Stephan. – 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-13-701059-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Statistics–Popular works. I. Stephan, David. II. Title. QA276.12.L485 2010 519.5–dc22 2009020268 From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg To our wives Marilyn and Mary To our children Sharyn and Mark And to our parents In loving memory, Lee, Reuben, Ruth, and Francis From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg This page intentionally left blank From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg Table of Contents Acknowledgments viii About the Authors ix Introduction The Even You Can Learn Statistics Owners Manual xi Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Statistics 1 1.1 The First Three Words of Statistics 2 1.2 The Fourth and Fifth Words 4 1.3 The Branches of Statistics 5 1.4 Sources of Data 6 1.5 Sampling Concepts 7 1.6 Sample Selection Methods 9 Chapter 2 Presenting Data in Charts and Tables 19 2.1 Presenting Categorical Variables 19 2.2 Presenting Numerical Variables 26 2.3 Misusing Charts 32 Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics 43 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency 43 3.2 Measures of Position 47 3.3 Measures of Variation 51 3.4 Shape of Distributions 57 Chapter 4 Probability 71 4.1 Events 71 4.2 More Definitions 72 4.3 Some Rules of Probability 74 4.4 Assigning Probabilities 77 Chapter 5 Probability Distributions 83 5.1 Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables 83 5.2 The Binomial and Poisson Probability Distributions 89 5.3 Continuous Probability Distributions and the Normal Distribution 97 5.4 The Normal Probability Plot 105 Chapter 6 Sampling Distributions and Confidence Intervals 119 6.1 Sampling Distributions 119 6.2 Sampling Error and Confidence Intervals 123 TABLE OF CONTENTS v From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg 6.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Using the t Distribution (X Unknown) 127 6.4 Confidence Interval Estimation for Categorical Variables 131 Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing 141 7.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses 141 7.2 Hypothesis Testing Issues 143 7.3 Decision-Making Risks 145 7.4 Performing Hypothesis Testing 147 7.5 Types of Hypothesis Tests 148 Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing: Z and t Tests 153 8.1 Testing for the Difference Between Two Proportions 153 8.2 Testing for the Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Groups 160 8.3 The Paired t Test 166 Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing: Chi-Square Tests and the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 179 9.1 Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Cross-Classification Tables 179 9.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Testing for the Differences Among the Means of More Than Two Groups 186 Chapter 10 Simple Linear Regression 207 10.1 Basics of Regression Analysis 208 10.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression Equation 209 10.3 Measures of Variation 217 10.4 Regression Assumptions 222 10.5 Residual Analysis 223 10.6 Inferences About the Slope 225 10.7 Common Mistakes Using Regression Analysis 228 Chapter 11 Multiple Regression 245 11.1 The Multiple Regression Model 245 11.2 Coefficient of Multiple Determination 248 11.3 The Overall F test 249 11.4 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression Model 250 11.5 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression Coefficients 251 Chapter 12 Quality and Six Sigma Applications of Statistics 265 12.1 Total Quality Management 265 12.2 Six Sigma 267 12.3 Control Charts 268 12.4 The p Chart 271 TABLE OF CONTENTS vi From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg 12.5 The Parable of the Red Bead Experiment: Understanding Process Variability 276 12.6 Variables Control Charts for the Mean and Range 278 Appendix A Calculator and Spreadsheet Operation and Configuration 295 A.C1 Calculator Operation Conventions 295 A.C2 Calculator Technical Configuration 297 A.C3 Using the A2MULREG Program 298 A.C4 Using TI Connect 298 A.S1 Spreadsheet Operation Conventions 299 A.S2 Spreadsheet Technical Configurations 299 Appendix B Review of Arithmetic and Algebra 301 Assessment Quiz 301 Symbols 304 Answers to Quiz 310 Appendix C Statistical Tables 311 Appendix D Spreadsheet Tips 339 CT: Chart Tips 339 FT: Function Tips 341 ATT: Analysis ToolPak Tips (Microsoft Excel only) 343 Appendix E Advanced Techniques 347 E.1 Using PivotTables to Create Two-Way Cross-Classification Tables 347 E.2 Using the FREQUENCY Function to Create Frequency Distributions 349 E.3 Calculating Quartiles 350 E.4 Using the LINEST Function to Calculate Regression Results 351 Appendix F Documentation for Downloadable Files 353 F.1 Downloadable Data Files 353 F.2 Downloadable Spreadsheet Solution Files 357 Glossary 359 Index 367 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg Acknowledgments We would especially like to thank the staff at Financial Times/Pearson: Jim Boyd for making this book a reality, Debbie Williams for her proofreading, Paula Lowell for her copy editing, and Anne Goebel for her work in the pro- duction of this text. We have sought to make the contents of this book as clear, accurate, and error-free as possible. We invite you to make suggestions or ask questions about the content if you think we have fallen short of our goals in any way. Please email your comments to davidlevine@davidlevinestatistics.com and include Even You Can Learn Statistics 2/e in the subject line. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com ptg About the Authors David M. Levine is Professor Emeritus of Statistics and Computer Information Systems at Baruch College (CUNY). He received B.B.A. and M.B.A. degrees in Statistics from City College of New York and a Ph.D. degree from New York University in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. He is nationally recognized as a leading innovator in business sta- tistics education and is the co-author of such best-selling statistics textbooks as Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, Basic Business Statistics: Concepts and Applications, Business Statistics: A First Course, and Applied Statistics for Engineers and Scientists Using Microsoft Excel and Minitab. He also is the author of Statistics for Six Sigma Green Belts and Champions, published by Financial Times–Prentice-Hall. He is coauthor of Six Sigma for Green Belts and Champions and Design for Six Sigma for Green Belts and Champions also published by Financial Times–Prentice-Hall, and Quality Management Third Ed., McGraw-Hill-Irwin. He is also the author of Video Review of Statistics and Video Review of Probability, both published by Video Aided Instruction. He has published articles in various journals including Psychometrika, The American Statistician, Communications in Statistics, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Journal of Systems Management, Quality Progress, and The American Anthropologist and has given numerous talks at American Statistical Association, Decision Sciences Institute, and Making Statistics More Effective in Schools of Business conferences. While at Baruch College, Dr. Levine received numerous awards for outstanding teaching. David F. Stephan is an independent instructional technologist. During his more than 20 years teaching at Baruch College (CUNY), he pioneered the use of computer-equipped classrooms and interdisciplinary multimedia tools and devised techniques for teaching computer applications in a business con- text. The developer of PHStat2, the Pearson Education statistics add-in sys- tem for Microsoft Excel, he has collaborated with David Levine on a number of projects and is a coauthor of Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel. ABOUT THE AUTHORS ix From the Library of Gayle M. Noll Download at Boykma.Com [...]...This page intentionally left blank Download at Boykma.Com From the Library of Gayle M Noll xi Introduction The Even You Can Learn Statistics Owners Manual In today’s world, understanding statistics is more important than ever Even You Can Learn Statistics: A Guide for Everyone Who Has Ever Been Afraid of Statistics can teach you the basic concepts that provide you with the knowledge to apply statistics. .. the past three years is an example of a _ variable 19 An insurance company evaluates many variables about a person before deciding on an appropriate rate for automobile insurance The distance a person drives in a day is an example of a _ variable 20 An insurance company evaluates many variables about a person before deciding on an appropriate rate for automobile insurance A person’s marital status... foundations behind statistics? Even You Can Learn Statistics includes Equation Blackboards, stand-alone sections that present the equations behind statistical methods and complement the main material Either way, you can learn statistics Learning with the Concept-Interpretation Approach Even You Can Learn Statistics uses a Concept-Interpretation approach to help you learn statistics For each important... temperature at which a hamburger is cooked at a branch of a fast-food chain (d) The number of hamburgers sold in a day at a branch of a fastfood chain 15 The number of cars that arrive per hour at a parking lot is an example of: (a) a categorical variable (b) a discrete variable (c) a continuous variable (d) a statistic Answer True or False: 16 The possible responses to the question, “How long have you been. .. called: (a) a parameter (b) a population (c) a discrete variable (d) a statistic 3 The height of an individual is an example of a: (a) discrete variable (b) continuous variable (c) categorical variable (d) constant 4 The body style of an automobile (sedan, coupe, wagon, and so on) is an example of a: (a) discrete variable (b) continuous variable (c) categorical variable (d) constant 5 The number of. .. can learn more about this book as well as download files that support your learning of statistics Mathematics Is Always Optional! Never mastered higher mathematics—or generally fearful of math? Not to worry, because in Even You Can Learn Statistics you will find that every concept is explained in plain English, without the use of higher mathematics or mathematical symbols Interested in the mathematical... election is an example of: (a) inferential statistics (b) descriptive statistics (c) a parameter (d) a statistic 11 A numerical measure that is computed to describe a characteristic of an entire population is called: (a) a parameter (b) a population (c) a discrete variable (d) a statistic 12 You were working on a project to examine the value of the American dollar as compared to the English pound You accessed... A1 4 Download at Boykma.Com From the Library of Gayle M Noll 1.3 THE BRANCHES OF STATISTICS 1.3 5 The Branches of Statistics You can use parameters and statistics either to describe your variables or to reach conclusions about your data These two uses define the two branches of statistics: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics Descriptive Statistics The branch of statistics that focuses... cards in a person’s wallet is an example of a: (a) discrete variable (b) continuous variable (c) categorical variable (d) constant 6 Statistical inference occurs when you: (a) compute descriptive statistics from a sample (b) take a complete census of a population (c) present a graph of data (d) take the results of a sample and reach conclusions about a population 7 The human resources director of a. .. spreadsheet results that appear throughout the book Many spreadsheet results are available as files that you can download for free at www.ftpress.com/youcanlearnstatistics2e Spreadsheet program users will also benefit from Appendix D, “Spreadsheet Tips” and Appendix E, “Advanced Techniques,” which help teach you more about spreadsheets as you learn statistics And if technical issues or instructions have . than ever. Even You Can Learn Statistics: A Guide for Everyone Who Has Ever Been Afraid of Statistics can teach you the basic concepts that provide you with. the Library of Gayle M. Noll ptg Even You Can Learn Statistics Second Edition A Guide for Everyone Who Has Ever Been Afraid of Statistics David M. Levine,