BIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT Imperial College Press ICP University of Dublin, Ireland N. F. Gray Second Edition BIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Printed in Singapore. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 1-86094-328-4 ISBN 1-86094-332-2 (pbk) All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. Copyright © 2004 by Imperial College Press BIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT (2nd Edition) January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt Acknowledgements Acknowledgement is gratefully made to the authors and publishers of ma- terial that has been redrawn, reset in tables, reproduced directly or repro- duced with minor modifications. The exact sources can be derived from the references. For permission to reproduce copyright material thanks are due to the following copyright holders: Chapter 1 International Water Supply Association: Table 1.4a Office of Water Services (Ofwat): Tables 1.10a, 1.10b Water Services Association of England and Wales: Table 1.4b Chapter 2 Anglian Water: Table 2.1 Blackwell Science Publishers: Fig. 2.23 Cambridge University Press: Table 2.6 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Tables 2.4, 2.5; Figs. 2.15, 2.22, 2.26, 2.27 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.: Figs. 2.14, 2.16 Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Figs. 2.19, 2.20, 2.21 IWA Publishing: Fig. 2.6 John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Fig. 2.17 Dr H.J. Kiuru: Fig. 2.6 Mr J. Lynch, County Engineer, Kildare County Council: Fig. 2.10 McGraw Hill Inc.: Figs. 2.3, 2.4 WRc plc: Table 2.7; Fig. 2.28 v January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt vi Acknowledgements Chapter 3 Academic Press: Tables 3.9, 3.10, 3.12 Applied Science Publishers: Tables 3.13, 3.14 Blackwell Science Publishers: Figs. 3.21, 3.25 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Table 3.5 Controller of Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationary Office: Fig. 3.14 CRC Press: Table 3.18 Elsevier: Table 3.11 John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Table 3.6 McGraw-Hill Inc.: Table 3.17; Figs. 3.2, 3.17, 3.19 Prentice Hall Inc.: Figs. 3.3, 3.5, 3.16, 3.18, 3.20, 3.27 Dr T. Stones: Table 3.4 D. Reidal Publishers: Table 3.16 Water Environment Federation: Table 3.2; Fig. 3.24 Chapter 4 Academic Press: Table 4.18; Figs. 4.1, 4.21 Blackwell Science Publishers: Fig. 4.13 British Ecological Society: Table 4.17; Figs. 4.27, 4.28 British Standard Institution: Tables 4.5, 4.7 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Table 4.21; Figs. 4.22, 4.25, 4.26, 4.31, 4.34, 4.40, 4.43, 4.49 Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Figs. 4.46, 4.47 Elsevier: Tables 4.14, 4.15, 4.19; Fig. 4.36 IWA Publishing: Figs. 4.41, 4.44, 4.48 John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Fig. 4.42 Dr M.A. Learner: Tables 4.3, 4.4 Open University Press: Table 4.9 Dr I.L. Williams: Fig. 4.15 WRc plc: Figs. 4.37, 4.39 Chapter 5 Academic Press: Tables 5.2, 5.26, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30; Figs. 5.1, 5.12, 5.18b, 5.60, 5.79, 5.80, 5.83, 5.90, 5.91, 5.96 Biwater Treatment Ltd.: Fig. 5.18a Blackwell Science Publishers: Figs. 5.92, 5.93 Carborundum Abrasives GB Ltd.: Fig. 5.23 C.E.P. Consultants, Edinburgh: Figs. 5.30, 5.31, 5.48 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Tables 5.11, 5.25, 5.31; Figs. 5.14, 5.24, 5.25, 5.28, 5.88, 5.98 January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt Acknowledgements vii Ellis-Horwood Ltd.: Figs. 5.16, 5.33, 5.51, 5.52, 5.62, 5.63, 5.73, 5.77 Elsevier: Tables 5.17, 5.24; Figs. 5.89, 5.112 IWA Publishing: Tables 5.12, 5.32; Figs. 5.15, 5.34, 5.53 John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Fig. 5.11 Mr G. O’Leary: Figs. 5.21, 5.22 Editor of Oikos: Fig. 5.90 Rosewater Engineering Ltd.: Figs. 5.26, 5.27 Dr J.P. Salanitro, Shell Development Co: Figs. 5.4, 5.81 Simon Hartley Ltd.: Table 5.8; Figs. 5.17, 5.20 TNO Research Institute for Environmental Hygiene, Delft: Fig. 5.60 Water Environment Federation: Table 5.21; Figs. 5.2, 5.5, 5.66, 5.72, 5.76, 5.103 Water Research Commission, South Africa: Tables 5.13, 5.15, 5.16, 5.19, 5.20; Figs. 5.9, 5.67, 5.71, 5.74 Chapter 6 Academic Press: Figs. 6.9, 6.21, 6.22 Editor, American Journal of Botany: Fig. 6.14 British Standards Institution:Fig.6.3 Carl Bro Consultants, Leeds (Lagoon Technology International, Leeds): Tables 6.15, 6.16, 6.17, 6.19 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Table 6.21, 6.22; Figs. 6.23, 6.24, 6.25, 6.26 CRC Press: Table 6.13; Figs. 6.8, 6.10, 6.12 Elsevier: Table 6.6 IWA Publishing, London: Table 6.20; Fig. 6.16 McGraw-Hill Inc.: Fig. 6.2 National Standards Agency of Ireland:Fig.6.4 Pergamon Press (Elsevier): Fig. 6.17 Springer, Wien: Table 6.3 University of Pennsylvania Press: Tables 6.5, 6.8; Figs. 6.11, 6.13 US Department of Agriculture: Fig. 6.1 US Environmental Protection Agency: Table 6.2 Dr J. Vymazal: Table 6.10 Water Environment Federation: Tables 6.4, 6.7 WorldHealthOrganization, Geneva: Table 6.18 WRc plc: Tables 6.12, 6.14; Fig. 6.15 Chapter 7 Academic Press: Table 7.3 January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt viii Acknowledgements Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Figs. 7.1, 7.2, 7.12, 7.16; Table 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.10 Editor of Food Technology: Tables 7.11, 7.14 Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Table 7.9 Elsevier: Table 7.13 Institution of Engineers in Ireland: Tables 7.6, 7.8 IWA Publishing: Figs. 7.3, 7.17; Table 7.12 Oklahoma State University, Stillwater:Fig.7.7 Texas State department of Health, Austin:Fig7.8 WRc plc:Fig.7.6 Chapter 8 Cambridge University Press: Tables 8.23, 8.25 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Figs. 8.1, 8.2, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.12, 8.13, 8.13, 8.16; Tables 8.16, 8.24, 8.28 Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Tables 8.6, 8.7 European Commission: Table 8.15 IWA Publishing: Figs. 8.14, 8.15; Tables 8.3, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.26; 8.27, 8.29, 8.30 John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Fig. 8.4 McGraw-Hill Inc.: Table 8.5 National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin: Figs. 8.9, 8.10, 8.11; Table 8.2, 8.21 National water Council: Tables 8.13, 8.32, 8.33 Open University Press: Table 8.1 Oslo and Paris Commissions: Fig. 8.17; Table 8.35, 8.36 Water Research Commission, South Africa: Table 8.31 WRc plc: Fig. 8.3; Tables 8.17, 8.18, 8.19, 8.20, 8.22, 8.34, 8.40, 8.43 Chapter 9 Academic Press:Fig.9.17 American Public Health Association: Fig. 9.3 American Society of Civil Engineers:Fig.9.22 American Society for Microbiology: Table 9.43; Figs. 9.4, 9.5, 9.12 Americam Water Works Association: Figs. 9.1, 9.11 Blackie & Co.: Figs. 9.24, 9.27 Blackwell Science Publishers: Tables 9.6, 9.23 Carl Bro Consultants, Leeds (Lagoon Technology International, Leeds): Fig. 9.18 January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt Acknowledgements ix Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Tables 9.4, 9.5, 9.57 Controller of Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationary Office: Table 9.20. DEFRA, London: Table 9.49 Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Table 9.52 Elsevier: Tables 9.3, 9.29; Figs. 9.15, 9.21 Editor, Environmental Health Perspectives: Table 9.54 Environmental Sanitation Information Centre, Bangkok: Table 9.33 European Commission: Tables 9.16, 9.17, 9.30, 9.31, 9.32, 9.34 IWA Publishing: Tables 9.11, 9.26, 9.46, 9.47, 9.50, 9.51, 9.53; Fig. 9.6 John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Tables 9.9, 9.10, 9.27, 9.58; Figs. 9.7, 9.13, 9.23 John Wiley and Sons Ltd.: Tables 9.22, 9.44; Figs. 9.26 Editor, Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge: Tables 9.35, 9.48 Kluwer Academic Publishers: Table 9.45 McGraw-Hill Inc.: Fig. 9.10 Pergamon Press (Elsevier): Fig. 9.20 Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York: Tables 9.55, 9.56 Water Environment Federation: Tables 9.15, 9.24; Fig. 9.19 WorldHealthOrganization, Geneva: Table 9.18 WRc plc: Tables 9.2, 9.19,9.36, 9.37, 9.38, 9.39, 9.42 ; Fig. 9.16 US Environmental Protection Agency: Table 9.7, 9.8 Chapter 10 Academic Press: Tables 10.4, 10.13, 10.15; Figs. 10.2, 10.19 American Society for Microbiology: Tables 10.23, 10.25 Applied Science Publishers: Table 10.7 British Sugar Corporation Ltd.: Fig. 10.1 Editor of Biotechnology Bulletin: Table 10.1 Blackwell Science Publishers: Table 10.3; Fig. 10.13 Cambridge University Press: Fig. 10.3 Centre Europen d’Etudes des Polyphosphates: Table 10.5 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Tables 10.19, 10.26; Figs. 10.8, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.29, 10.38 Dr A.D. Wheatley: Table 10.6 Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Table 10.8; Figs. 10.27, 10.28 Elsevier: Tables 10.20, 10.24, 10.29; Figs. 10.6, 10.22, 10.23, 10.24, 10.25, 10.26, 10.30, 10.35, 10.36 Professor Isumi Hirasawa: Fig. 10.5 IWA Publishing: Figs. 10.32, 10.37 January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt x Acknowledgements John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Table 10.12; Fig. 10.15 Marcel Dekker Inc: Tables 10.21, 10.22 Nature Press: Tables 10.9, 10.10; Fig. 10.4 National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silso: Tables 10.17, 10.18 Pergamon Press (Elsevier): Tables 10.12, 10.14; Fig. 10.14 Purdue University: Fig. 10.33 Surveyor Magazine: Fig. 10.12 Chapter 11 Dr Annelies Balkema: Table 11.1 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management: Fig. 11.1 Elsevier: Tables 11.2, 11.4, 11.5; Fig. 11.5 IWA Publishing: Tables 11.4, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13; Figs. 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.6 I would also like to thank Dr Anne Kilroy for permission to reproduce jointly published material in chapter 3. January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt Contents Acknowledgements v Preface to the Second Edition xvii 1 How Nature Deals with Waste 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Thewastewaterproblem 1 1.1.2. Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. NatureofWastewater 14 1.2.1. Sources and variation in sewage flow . . . . . . . . . 15 1.2.2. Composition of sewage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.2.3. Otherwastewaters 47 1.3. Micro-organisms and Pollution Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 1.3.1. Nutritional classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 1.4. MicrobialOxygenDemand 63 1.4.1. Self purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 1.4.2. Biochemicaloxygendemand 93 1.4.2.1. Thetest 93 1.4.2.2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 1.4.2.3. Factors affecting the test . . . . . . . . . . 112 1.4.2.4. Sources of error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2 How Man Deals with Waste 133 2.1. Basic Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.1.1. Preliminary treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 2.1.2. Primary treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 xi [...]... 11.3.2 Treatment 11.3.3 Final disposal 11.4 Implementation References 1219 Index 1395 bwt January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatment (New Edition) Preface to the Second Edition Since writing the first edition of Biology of Wastewater Treatment the wastewater. .. over 20 × 106 m3 of wastewater requiring treatment each day To cope with this immense volume of wastewater there were, in 1999, some 9260 sewage treatment works serving about 95% of the population (Water UK 2001) The size of these plants varies from those serving small communities of < 100, to plants like the Crossness Sewage Treatment Works operated by Thames Water which treats the wastewater from... important role in all aspects of public health engineering They already have a significant function in the operation and monitoring of treatment plants, but their expertise is also needed in the optimisation of existing plants and in the design of the next generation of wastewater treatment systems 1.2 Nature of Wastewater Although there has been a steady increase in the discharge of toxic inorganic and organic... 1.7 million people living in a 240 km2 area of London In terms of volume or weight, the quantity of wastewater treated annually in the UK far exceeds any other product (Table 1.1) including milk, steel or even beer (Wheatley 1985), with vast quantities of wastewater generated in the manufacture of most industrial products (Fig 1.1) The cost of wastewater treatment and pollution control is high, and... into its services Over half of this was on wastewater provision In the year 1998/1999, £1.9bn was spent on new wastewater treatment plants alone as compliance with the European Union Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive continues The industry is extremely large, with the income for these water companies for 1 bwt January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatment (New Edition) How... Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatment (New Edition) Introduction Table 1.3 5 EU Directives concerning inland waters by year of introduction 1973 Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to detergents (73/404/EEC) Council Directive on the control of biodegradability of anionic surfactants (73/405/EEC) 1975 Council Directive concerning the quality required of surface... stringent treatment to bring nutrient concentrations of final effluents down to a maximum total phosphorus concentration of 2 mg l−1 for P and a total nitrogen concentration of 10–15 mg l−1 for N (Table 1.6) Due to the cost of nutrient removal, the designation of receiving waters as sensitive has significant cost implications for Member States bwt January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatment. .. 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.1.3 Secondary treatment 2.1.4 Tertiary treatment 2.1.5 Examples of treatment plants Sedimentation 2.2.1 The settlement process 2.2.2 Design of sedimentation tanks 2.2.3 Performance evaluation Secondary (Biological) Treatment Tertiary and Advanced Treatment 2.4.1 Tertiary treatment 2.4.2 Advanced wastewater treatment ... content of less than 0.1% Conventional sewage treatment aims to convert the solids into a manageable sludge (2% dry solids) while leaving only a small proportion in the final effluent (0.003% dry solids) The total volume of wastewater produced per capita depends on the water usage, the type of sewerage system used and the level of infiltration bwt January 19, 2004 14:33 World Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatment. .. Metcalf and Eddy (1991) The diluted nature of wastewater has led to the development of the present system of treatment found in nearly all the technically-developed countries, which is based on treating large volumes of weak wastewater In less developed communities, the high solids concentration of the waste Table 1.10 Comparison of the percentage consumption of water for various purposes in a home with . BIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT Imperial College Press ICP University of Dublin, Ireland N. F. Gray Second Edition BIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT British. Scientific Biology of Wastewater Treatmen t (New Edition) bwt Preface to the Second Edition Since writing the first edition of Biology of Wastewater Treatment