SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND THEIR MODELLING APPLICATIONS Edited by Andrew J. Manning Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3401 Edited by Andrew J. Manning Contributors Alberto Sanchez, Ma. Concepción Ortiz-Hernández, Levent Yilmaz, Xiao Hua Wang, Fernando Pinheiro Andutta, Mohammed Achab, Yu-Hai Wang, Yun-Chih Chiang, Sung-Shan Hsiao, Wilson Mahera Charles, Narsis Anton Mtega, Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari, Ram Balachandar, Katerina Kombiadou, Yannis Krestenitis, Arnaud Hequette, Adrien Cartier, Philippe Larroudé, Rabin Bhattarai, Vasileios Kitsikoudis, Epaminondas Sidiropoulos, Vlassios Hrissanthou, Xiaobo Chao, Andrew Manning, Jeremy Spearman, Richard Whitehouse, Emma Pidduck, John Baugh, Kate Spencer Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications, Edited by Andrew J. Manning p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1039-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Sediment Transport Processes 1 Chapter 1 Sediment Transport Dynamics in Ports, Estuaries and Other Coastal Environments 3 X. H. Wang and F. P. Andutta Chapter 2 Longshore Sediment Transport Measurements on Sandy Macrotidal Beaches Compared with Sediment Transport Formulae 37 Adrien Cartier, Philippe Larroudé and Arnaud Héquette Chapter 3 Sediment Transport Patterns Inferred from Grain-Size Trends: Comparison of Two Contrasting Bays in Mexico 59 Alberto Sanchez and Concepción Ortiz Hernández Chapter 4 Sediment Transport Modeling Using GIS in Bagmati Basin, Nepal 77 Rabin Bhattarai Section 2 Sediment Dynamic Processes 93 Chapter 5 Composition and Transport Dynamics of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Bay of Cadiz and the Adjacent Continental Shelf (SW - Spain) 95 Mohammed Achab Chapter 6 Flocculation Dynamics of Mud: Sand Mixed Suspensions 119 Andrew J. Manning, Jeremy R. Spearman, Richard J.S. Whitehouse, Emma L. Pidduck, John V. Baugh and Kate L. Spencer Chapter 7 The Gravel-Bed River Reach Properties Estimation in Bank Slope Modelling 165 Levent Yilmaz Chapter 8 Scour Caused by Wall Jets 177 Ram Balachandar and H. Prashanth Reddy Section 3 Numerical Modelling of Sediment Transport 211 Chapter 9 Modelling Cohesive Sediment Dynamics in the Marine Environment 213 Katerina Kombiadou and Yannis N. Krestenitis Chapter 10 Quasi-3D Modeling of Sediment Transport for Coastal Morphodynamics 247 Yun-Chih Chiang and Sung-Shan Hsiao Chapter 11 Derivation of Sediment Transport Models for Sand Bed Rivers from Data-Driven Techniques 277 Vasileios Kitsikoudis, Epaminondas Sidiropoulos and Vlassios Hrissanthou Chapter 12 Modelling of Sediment Transport in Shallow Waters by Stochastic and Partial Differential Equations 309 Charles Wilson Mahera and Anton Mtega Narsis Chapter 13 Numerical Modeling Tidal Circulation and Morphodynamics in a Dumbbell-Shaped Coastal Embayment 329 Yu-Hai Wang Chapter 14 Numerical Modeling of Flow and Sediment Transport in Lake Pontchartrain due to Flood Release from Bonnet Carré Spillway 357 Xiaobo Chao, Yafei Jia and A. K. M. Azad Hossain ContentsVI Preface Sediment Transport Processes and their Modelling Applications is a book which covers a wide range of topics. The effective management of many aquatic environments, requires a detailed understanding of sediment dynamics. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool used for predicting the transport and fate of sediment movement in these situations, as they can estimate the various spatial and temporal fluxes. However, the physi‐ cal sedimentary processes can vary quite considerably depending upon whether the local sediments are fully cohesive, non-cohesive, or a mixture of both types. For this reason for more than half a century, scientists, engineers, hydrologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence sediment trans‐ port. These issues range from processes such as scour, erosion and deposition, to how sedi‐ ment process observations can be applied in sediment transport modelling frameworks. This book reports the findings from recent research in applied sediment transport which has been conducted in a wide range of aquatic environments. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in the transport of sediments and related issues. It is a great pleasure to write the preface to this book published by InTech. It comprises 14 chapters written by a truly international group of research scientists, who specialise in areas such as sediment dynamics, hydrology, morphology and numerical sediment transport mod‐ elling. The majority of the chapters are concerned with sediment transport related issues in estuarial, coastal or freshwater environments. For example: sediment dynamics in ports and estuaries; sediment transport modelling of Bagmati Basin in Nepal using geographical infor‐ mation systems (GIS); numerical modelling of flow and sediment transport in Lake Pontchar‐ train; longshore sediment transport on sandy macrotidal beaches; and shallow water sediment transport stochastic modelling. Other contributions in this book include: scour caused by wall jets; mixed sediment flocculation dynamics; and fractal dimension of meandering rivers. Au‐ thors are responsible for their views and subsequent concluding statements. In summary, this book provides an excellent source of information on recent research on sediment transport, particularly from an interdisciplinary perspective. I would like to thank all of the authors for their contributions and I highly recommend this textbook to both scien‐ tists and engineers who deal with the related issues. Dr Andrew J. Manning HR Wallingford Ltd, Coasts & Estuaries Group, Wallingford, UK University of Plymouth, School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth, UK Section 1 Sediment Transport Processes [...]... of sediment from the Po River is 10-15 x 106 tons/year The sediment in the Northern Adriatic Sea is mainly formed by sand with grain size varying from 50 to 2000 µm, and silt with grain size between 2 and 50 µm The smaller sediment particles, i.e clay, are also observed, however, they do not provide the major contribution of fine sediment in the 7 8 Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications. .. January and April 2001 in the Mokpo Coastal Zone (Korea); • The effect of coastal constructions on sediment transport, with analysis of the effect of dikes on the Yangtze River Delta, and problems with silting in the navigation channel of Shanghai Port (China); 5 6 Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications • Tidal circulation modelling, specifically the role of mangrove and tidal... group, and range from mud through to sand [7] The dynamics of sediment transport rely upon water circulation, salinity concentration, biological interaction, and sediment type Cohesive sediments, such as clay and small-particle mud, are often transported in the wa‐ ter column, as these sediments are easily suspended by water currents Alternatively, noncohesive sediments, such as sand, are usually transported... N2 and K2), while the diurnal components were (K1, O1, P1 and Q1) Three shallow-water compo‐ nents (M4, MS4, MN4) and two extra tidal components of low frequency were also used, i.e 15 16 Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications Mf and Mm For the internal boundary, e.g upstream river zones, there are three sources of fresh water in the domain (Elizabeth River, Blackmore River and. .. to increase from 0.01 N m-2 to 0.66 N m-2 (Fig 6a) 17 18 Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications This increased bottom stress results in considerable erosion, and a subsequent increase in concentration of both fine and course sediment near the bottom During periods without Bora winds, the resuspension was weak, and the fine sediment from the Po River dis‐ charge dominated the SSC... to be almost linear, and increased by 0.1 if 100% of the man‐ 23 24 Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications grove areas were removed These results demonstrate that the tidal flats and mangrove zones function as sponge zones for dampening tidal asymmetry [76] 5 Conclusions This chapter provided information about four important suspended sediment transport processes It showed how... observed to be transported up‐ stream in this channel In summary, the simulation results revealed the magnitude of the maximum turbidity zone in the North Passage, and showed that most of the sediment de‐ positing into the DNC is caused by sediment redistribution from adjacent zones [44] 25 26 Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications 5.4 Tidal asymmetry modulated by tidal flats and mangrove... summarized overview of the main characteristics and dy‐ namics of sediment transport is provided to contribute to the understanding of this chap‐ ter In general, sediment particles considered in transport of sediment cycle, consist of non-cohesive and cohesive sediment types (Fig 1a) (a) Sediments of particle size d50< 4 µm, mud or clay, are classified as a cohesive sediments In contrast, (b) particle size... cities of the world; therefore the understanding of how coastal aquatic en‐ vironments are evolving due to sediment transport is important This manuscript discusses topics from both modelling and observation of sediment transport, erosion and siltation in estuarine environments, coastal zones, ports, and harbour areas It emphasises particular cases of water and sediment dynamics in the high energy system... fine and coarse sediment increased to 25.6 t s-1 and 24.1 t s-1, respectively Experiment 3 was conducted to verify the effect from the wave and current aligned to the sediment transport The net sediment flux of fine and coarse sediment was over predicted by 8% and 9%, respectively, from experiment 2 These small differences are evidence that the wave propagation direction had little effect on sediment . 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