NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO 001 Cong xa Pari - ban hung ca cua giai cap cong nlian • TS, NGUYEN XUAN PHONG Hoc vien Bao ciii va Tuyen truyen C6ng xa Paris (La Commune de Paris) la chinh quyln vd san ddu tien dugc thanh lap nhim quan ly Pari (Phdp) trong mdt thdi gian ngdn ttr ngdy 18,3,1871 den ngay 28.5.1871. Day la mdt su kien chinh tri quan trgng cd y nghia vo cting to Idn ddi vdi phong trao cdng nhdn the gidi vao nhirng nam cudi the ky XIX. Mac dti cudi eting bi dan dp ddm mdu, song Cong xa Pari dugc xem la bdn biing ea ciia giai cap vd sdn, la mot tam guong cho cdc phong trao eong sdn vd cong nhdn qudc te, la eo sd va bdi hgc kinli nghilm cho viec thanh lap chinh quyln xd- viei sau nay d nucic Nga va cac nude xa hgi chii nghia klidc. 1. Cdng xa Pari - qua trinh thanh lap, chi^n d^u bao v6 va nguy6n nhSn thift bai Qua tnnh thanh lap C6ng xaPari Cudi thang 6.1870, chinh quyln ciia De'chlll d Phdp him vao linh trang khiing hodng. Tuy vay, nhung nucVc Phap vdn mudn gianh dia vi bd chii n6n da quylt dinh tham chiln vcd Phd (Diic). Do xdy dung cdc chien luge sai lam ciing vdi vii khi da lac hau vd trinh do chi huy y6'u Phap da nhanh chdng bi Phd danh bai. Thdng 9.1870. Hoang de Napoleon III thai Iran d chiln trudng Xe-dang mpt each thdm hai vd phdi ddu bdng vua nude Phd la Bix-mdc. Ngay 4.9.1780, nhdn ddn Paris nhdn dugc tin, bg vo cting phdn no vd tu phdt ndi day mudn lat dd De che II, thtuih lap nucic Cong hda Phdp lan thd ba, Nhdn ddn da tran vao Dien Bourbon vdi nhting khiu hieu dugc bo vang nhu: "Ph€ truit hoang d^!", "Cdng hoa mudn nam!". Ngay chilu hdm dd, Chinh phii lam thdi mang ten Chuih phu v6 qu6c dugc giai cap m sdn Phdp thanh lap vdi ngudi dirng dau la Chi-e. Khi dd, giai edp cdng nhan by vgng ring chinh phii mdi nay se dam duong dugc trgng trdch bdo ve td qudc trude siic Ip cua qudn Phd d bi6n gidi. Nhung Chinh phii ve qudc khdng cd bdi cii banh dgng chdng trd nao ddi vdi qudn Phd. Ngugc lai, ngam ngam cd hanh vi bdn nude. Qudn Phd sau chiln thang d Iran Xe-dang da chilm ddng dugc 1/3 lanh thd Phdp vd tiep tue tiln vl bao vdy Paris, Vao cudi thdng 9,1870, khi thu do bi vdy bam, liie nay thdnh phd vdn edn 246 nghin ve binh vd thiiy qudn eting 125 nghin quan ve qucie. Chinh phii td ehii:e th6m 200 tilu dodn ve qudc qudn, eong vdi 60 tilu doan vdn cd ttr thdi De che II. Luc lucmg nay bao gdm chii yeu cac thg thu cdng vd cong chirc nhd. Trong khi dd, qudn dgi Phdp vdn tiep tuc thua cugc. Ngay 27.10.1870, tudng Ba-dai-ne chi buy 15 van quan Phap ddng d thanh Met da ddu hdng qudn Phd. Tmde tinh binh dd, Jule- Fa-re -Bd trudng Bg ngoai giao ciia Chinh phii ve qudc, da bi mat ky thda thudn Hda ude vdi Bix-mdc. Nhan dan Paris phan ddi viec chinh phii mdi dam phdn vdi phia Phd va quylt tdm ed Sd thiing.1-2011 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuycn (hdng 25 NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI thii. Hg da tap tmng trude tda tbi chinh bd ldn nhirng khiu hieu: Da dao Chi-e! Khdng dam phan! Trude su phan bdi cua Chinh phu ve qudc, cdng nhdn da quyet tdm vii trang bao ve Pari, Hg trd thanh dp luc ddi vdi chinh sdch ddu hang eiia ehinh phu ban nude. Cdng nhan da id chiic 194 tilu doan qudn Tu ve, gdm 30 van ngudi diing I6n bao ve td qudc. Tai Mdng-mac, mdt cao dilm thugc tuyin phdng ve phia Bic cira ngd Pari, dugc bd tri 171 khiu phdo \dn nhim vl phia qudn Phd. Qudn Chinh phii da chilm dugc cao dilm. dang dinh keo phdo di thi bi mdt tdp phu nii den can lai, Idt sau, may trdm qudn Tu ve cung d6'n kip vao chi6'n ddu. Vi6n Mdng phdn dgng V6-nua ra lenh na sung dan dp lam chet mdt sd ngucd. 3 gid sdng ngay 18.3.1871. qudn Chinh phii do vi6n mdng Ve-nua chi huy chia lam may phan ddi ddnh len vao cdc ttan dia phdo ciia qudn Tir ve. Trong cugc chi6'n. nhilu binh Knh qudn Chinh phu da vl phia qudn Tu ve, vien Wdng chi huy bi bin chet tai ehd. Tdi 9 gid sdng, luc lugng Chinh phu thai bai, vdi va lui qudn. Den 11 gid. hai tieu doan Tu ve den chi vien cho Mdng-mac. Budi trua, Uy ban trung uong ve qudc ra lenh cho cdc tilu doan tien vao trung tdm thanh phd. Chi sau vai tieng ddng hd, qudn Tu ve da chiem duoc cac CO quan dau nao ciia chinh phii. Tda thi chinh va cdc trai linh. Ddng thdi, qudn Tu ve cting keu ggi cdng nhdn gianh lay chinh quyln. cdc truyln dan. bilu ngir ddn khip cdc ngd xdm. phd phudng. Qudn ddi phan ddng bi ddnh tan tdc. Cdng qudc Luc-xam- bua, cdc quang trudng, nha ga, hdi quan diu bi quan chung chiem linh. Budi ehilu, qudn Tu ve quyet dinh tien vao trung tam. Luc lugng qudn Tu ve va quan chung U^d thanh mdt lan sdng do at xdng vao Toa thi chinh Paii. Din chilu tdi 18.3.1871, Tbii mdng Chinh phii - Chi-e leo len mdt chiec xe ngira, chay vl Vec-xdy. Cdc quan chiic chinh phii va cdc dng chu nha giau ciing hdt hoang chay khdi Pari. De'n 21h30, cdc cdnh quan khdi nghia diu tap tmng vl Toa thi chinh. Ld cd dd dugc keo len. cd Pari vang day tieng hd vang: Cach mang 18 thang 3 mudn nam! Sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyln, giai cap vd san lap tiic bit tay vao lat dd bd mdy nha nude m sdn, xay dung nIn chuyen chinh vd san. Ngay 26.3, Pari td chire bau cir Cdng xa. Nhdn ddn lao ddng ldn ddu ti6n dugc thuc hien quyln lgi thieng heng ciia minh. K6t qua bau cir dugc cdng bd ngay 28.3. Cu thi, trong 85 vi uy vien Cdng xa tning cir cd 25 ngudi la cdng nhan, 15 dai bilu thugc giai cap m san (nhung sau do hg sdm tir chiic), phdn cdn lai gdm cdc bac si, nha bao, giao vien, cdng chiic Khoang gan 30 dai bilu cua Hdi ddng cong xa la hdi vien cua Qudc tl I va ciing cd ca nhtrng ngudi ngoai kieu gdc Nga, Ba Lan, Hungary. Phong trao cua Cdng xa da U-d thanh tieng vang ldn va la tain guang cho cdc phong trao cdch mang nd khip nude Phap nhu: Ma-xe-h't, Li-dng, Tu-lu Ngay 28.3.I87I, Cdng xa Pari - mdt td chiic nha nude kiiu mcd ciia giai cap vd san lan ddu ti6n trong lich sir loai ngudi da cir hanh nghi II long trong, chinh thiic tuyen bd ra dcd. Mot khan dai rdi ldn dugc dung trude Tda thi chinh. Tr6n nde Tda thi chinh, mdt nggn cd do mng bay, ducd quang trudng may chuc van ngudd tir cdc nd keo vl. Mdt tram tilu doan Quan tu ve oai phong nim chic tay sung, xung quanh la nhiing khiu phdo ldn bdng loang. Nhiing nggn cd dudi nheo, cd tam gidc cd ma viln bilu trung cho chinh quyln nhdn ddn, phap phdi trude khan dai. Doi qudn nhac tau len ban "Mac- xdy-e" va "Khuc qudn hanh". Den 16 gid, cdc uy vien Cdng xa, khoac dai bdng do chio qua ngudi, budc lin khan dai, Cdng xa Pari chinh thii:c dugc thanh lap. Sau dd, cac loat phdo diu nd, tieng vd tay vang len, hang chuc van ngudi cting 26 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuycn (hdng So'thang 3-2011 nhau hd ldn Cdng xa mu6n nam! Cdc tilu doan vu trang dilu qua khdn dai. Nhd sir ung hd tich cue ciia qudn chiing, Cdng xa da nhanh chdng dap tan bd may quan lieu qudn su cua Chinh phu Chi-e, xdy dung chinh quyln vd san. 1.2. Qua trinh chi^ dSiu bk) v6 C6ng xa Trong mdt thdi gian ngin, lire lugng ciia Cdng xa tang len nhanh chdng, luc ddu khoang 100 ngan ngucd, vl sau tang len tdi 200 ngan. Tuy nhi6n, trong sd ndy chi cd khoang 20 den 30 ngan da dugc luyen tap. VI vii khi, Cdng xa trang bi dugc 1.740 khiu dai bac, nhung do mdt sd bi hu hdng, mat khde lai khdng cd phdo tbii, n6n chi sir dung dugc 320 khau. Ben canh dd, Cdng xa cting dugc Uang bi ban 400 ngan khiu sung tmdng. Dumg trude su ra ddi vd ldn manh ciia chinh quyln vd san, ke thu trong va ngoai nude vd cting cam gian, chung cau ket vdi nhau dm muu lat dd Cong xa. Ngay 10.5.1871, Chi-e da bit tay vdi bgn xdm luge Phd bing viec ky mdt hda udc. Hda udc vdi ndi dung Chi-e bdi hoan 5 ty pha-rang chien phi va nhuong hai tinh An-dat va Lo- ren cho Phd. Ddng thdi, theo yeu eau ciia Chi-e, Bix-mdc U-ao trd Phdp 10 van tti binh dl vl tham gia dan dp Cong xa, Sau hda udc, Phd da phdng thich ban 10 van tti binh Phdp NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001 va vii trang cho ddm tti binh nay quay vl tilp can phia Bic Pari - noi Cdng xa it dl phdng, dl dan dp Cdng xa. Ngdy 20.5, Chi-e ha lenh tdng tan cdng vdo Cdng xa. Ngay hdm sau, qudn dgi Vec- xay phdi hgp vdi bgn ndi irng trong thdnh, da tan cdng vdo Pari. Cugc chien dau bao ve Cdng xa bit ddu. Nhilu nha each mang nude ngoai da sdt cdnh ciing nhdn ddn Phdp chien dau. Gia tre, gdi trai diu trd thanh cac chien si cua Cong xa. Tinh thdn dting cdm chiln dau by sinh ciia bg khien ke thti kbilp sg. Nhung do td chirc yeu. ky luat kem, sir dung phdo khdng hieu qua , Cdng xa sdm bi suy yeu. Qudn Chinh phii da chilm dugc phan ldn cac phao dai phia Tdy va Nam thtmh phd. Nhilu ngudi cua Chinh phii nay da thdm nhap vao bang ngu Cdng xa, tham gia ca Bg tdng tham muu. Luc lugng tinh bdo nay da cho phd buy mdt xudng due dan. lay cdc ban dd qudn su va td chiic md cira thdnh Pari cho lire lugng cua Chi-e tien vao. Den ngay 23.5, Mong-mac thai thu. Ngay 24, qudn dich tan cdng vao Tod tbi chinh. Ngdy 27 quan dich chi6'm dugc dai bd phan khu eu tni cua cong nhan. Nhung chiln si cudi cimg cua Cdng xa cd thu d lang md Pe-lai-rai-do nhdm ddnh trd 5.000 qudn dich. Trdi qua mdt trdn ddnh gidp la ca, cudi cung. tdi cd 147 chiln si Cdng xa diu hy sinh d gdc Wdng phia Ddng Nam ciia lang md. Sau nay nhan dan ggi gdc Wdng nay la 'Tudng Cdng xa Pa ri". Cdng xa Pari hoan toan thdi bai nhung tam guong chdi loi ciia Cong xa vdn tda sang va cd y nghia sau sdc ddi vdi giai cap vd sdn toan tbi gidi. 7.3. Nguydn nhan din d^n SII Ih^ bai cua Cdng xa Pari Cdng xa Pari la mot md hinh ehinh quyln vd sdn dau ti6n eiia giai cap cdng nhdn tr6n the gidi. Mac dti tdn tai chi dugc ban 70 ngay nhung Cong xa da dl lai mot tieng vang ldn cho phong trao cdng nhan qudc te. Cdng xa bi thai bai do nhilu nguy6n nhan, song ca bdn do cdc nguy6n nhdn sau ddy: Sau ngdy 18.3.1871, lire lugng cua Cong xa da chiem dugc nhilu co quan quan trgng, nhung lai bd qua hai co quan cue ky quan trgng vl thong tin li6n lac va tai chinh la buu dien va ngdn hang Phdp. Cong xa sau khi gianh dugc ehuih quyln da khong ti6'p tue tan cdng luc lugng eiia chinh phii Chi-e niia. Va dilu nay khiln ehinh phii Chi-e ed thdi gian dl phuc hdi, ciing ed, xdy dung luc lugng va sau nay da quay lai tan cdng Cdng xa. Cdng xa da khdng manh tay xir ly, triing tri cdc nhdn vat gidn diep va ke thti ciia minh. Mai cho tdi thdi ky Tu^ ll dim m^ (21-28.5.1871) Ciing xa Sd thiing.1-2011 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuycn (hdng 27 NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI mdi thuc hien bien phdp manh ddi vdi lire lugng nay thi khi dd hdu nhu khdng cdn tdc dung. VI mat kinh te', do Cdng xa khdng tich thu ngan hang, cho n6n nhiing thanh phdn ddi lap vdi Cdng xa vdn cd thi tilp Uic sir dung tiln phuc vu cho boat ddng chdng ddi, lat dd Cdng xa. Vl qudn sir, Cdng xa Pari td ra cdn nhilu ylu kem. Qudn ddi ciia Cdng xa chua dugc budn luyen ky cdng, td chiie tdi, ky luat trong qudn ddi khdng nghiem. Viec lanh dao Cong xa thilu tap tmng, Cdng xa dugc chia lam hai co quan la Uy ban qudn su va Uy ban trung uong quan Ve qudc. Nhirng yeu kem vl quan sir khiln Cxmg xa nhanh chdng tan ra khi bi tdn cdng. Van dl Uen minh giai cap, tdng ldp ciia Cdng xa chua dugc chii y diing muc. Luc lugng cua Cdng xa chii yeu chi la cdng nhdn vd binh linh ma thilu di mdt luc lugng hting bau vdi siic manh Idn lao dd la ndng ddn. Vdo nhtrng tudn cudi ciia thdng 5.1871. trong khi quan dgi Phd va qudn ddi Chinh phii Chi-e bao vdy Paris, Chinh phii Chi-e diing mdt sd bdo chi dl dang tdi nhilu tin, bai gdy bat lgi cho Cdng xa Pari nhu Cdng xa se ti6u diet tdi ca cac quyln sd hiru. Do dd, da lam cho nhilu bd phdn ngudi trong xa hdi lo sg va khdng dilng vl phia Cdng xa. Dac biet giai cap ndng ddn lo ngai chinh quyln ciia Cdng xa Pari. Sau khi Cdng xa Paii thdi bai, giai cap W sdn da bdi nhg thanh danh cac chien sy Cdng xa, vu khdng Cdng xa, vu khdng Hdi hen hiep Cdng nhan Qudc tlv.v La ngudi lanh dao Hdi bin hiep cdng nhdn Qudc tl', C.Mdc da nhdn rd u-deh nhiem cua minh trong viec lanh dao phong trao vd san. Dl bien nhung kinh nghiem ciia Cdng xa Pari thanh tai san chung cho phong trao cdng nhdn qudc te, bdo ve thanh danh ciia cdc chien sy Cdng xa Pari, ca nggi long diing cam. tinh thdn cdch mang cua hg, ddng thdi I6n dn sir phan ddng. coi re lgi ich ddn tdc ciia giai cap tu san Phdp, C.Mdc dugc td chirc giao nhiem vu vilt tdc pham Noi chien a Phap. Tdc phim dugc C.Mdc viet xong vdo thang 5.1871 vd xudi ban lan dau ti6n bing tieng Anh d Ludn Ddn ngay 13.6.1871. 2. Cac chinh sach chinh tri, kinh x£, xa hdi cua Cdng xa Pari Trong Npi chien d Phap, C.Mac chi rd: Cdng xa Pari la mdt hinh thiic chinh quyln cu thi ciia nIn cdng hda - thi hien nguyen vgng khdng chi xda bd binh thiic qudn cbti ciia su thdng tri giai cap ma edn biiy bd ca thdng tri giai cap niia. Cdng xa la mdt hinh thirc nha nude chuyen chinh vd san so khai, C.Mdc cho ring: "Cdng xa gdm nhiing dai bieu thdnh phd do dau phieu phd thdng d cdc khu ciia Pari bdu lin. Ho la nhting dai bilu cd trach nhiem va cd the bi bai miln bat cir liic nao. Da sd uy vien cua cdng xa tdt nhi6n phai la nhiing eong nhdn hoac la nhiing dai bilu dugc thira nhdn ciia giai cap cdng nhdn"'". Nhu vay, ban chdi Cdng xa Pari la chinh quyln cua giai cap cdng nhdn, do cdng nhdn bau len. Cdng xa Pari la mdt kieu nha nude ddu tien trong lich sir nhan loai khde bin cdc nha nude trude kia vl ban chat. Hinh thiic td chiic va thuc thi quyln luc chinh tri cua cong xa cung hoan toan mdi: "Cong xa chinh la mdt hinh thiic ehinh tri linh boat de'n cao do, cdn tat ca nhtrng hinh thirc chinh phu trude kia vl thuc chdi diu la ap biic"'-'. Cdng xa la mdt tbi che viia thuc hien cdng viec hanh chinh vira lap phap. Co quan tdi cao ciia nha nude la Hdi ddng Cdng xa cd vai trd lap phdp va td chuc 10 uy ban ehiu U-ach nhiem vl hanh phdp. Mdi iiy ban nay do mdt uy vien ciia Hpi ddng Cdng xa lam chii tieh. VI qudn sir, Cdng xa Pari ban hanh sic lenh bai bd qudn ddi thudng true va bd mdy canh sdt ciia che do cu, thanh lap lire lugng vu trang va lire lugng an ninh ciia nhdn dan, mang ban chdi nhdn dan, bao ve lgi ich nhdn ddn. Canh sdt d ddy la ca quan cd trach nhiem ciia cdng xa va cd 28 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuycn (hdng So thiing 3-2011 NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI tbi bi bai miln nlu khdng vi Icri ich ciia cdng xa. Cdng xa ra sdc lenh tdeh gido hdi va nhd thd ra khdi boat ddng nha nude. Gidi tang Itr khdng dugc can thiep vao cdng viec ciia chinh quyln va ngan sdch tdn gido bi biiy bd. Tai ca cac tdi san ciia gido hgi trd thanh tdi sdn qudc gia. Cdng xa thanh lap he thdng gido due thdng nhdi, tdch gido due khdi nha thd, thay th6' cac tang lir bing dgi ngu gido vi6n mdi. Sic lenh ve gido due bit budc va miln phi ddi vdi mgi ngudi. Trudng hgc dap irng nhu cdu hgc tap cho tdi cd mgi ngudi trong xa bdi. Ngay 12.5.1871, hai trudng cbuy6n nghiep dugc thanh lap. Tdt ca cdc hinh thirc kinh doanh nghe thuat bi cdm, Hdi nghe sy diing ra qudn ly cdc rap hdt va boat dcing van hda van nghe. Cdc vi6n chire tu phap ducx; bdu I6n va cd tbi duac bai mien nlu kbcmg hoan thanh nhiem vu hoac lam khdng diing chirc nang. Cdng xa da tao su dan chii cho mgi cd nhdn: "Cdng xa da cung cap cho nIn cdng hda edi CO sd ciia nhtrng thiet che' that su ddn chu"'". Cdng xa Pari quyet dinh giao cho cong nhdn quiin ly cdc xi nghiep, cdng xucmg ma gidi chii da bd khdi Pari. Cdn nhung xuiVng ma ngucd chu vdn d lai, Q)ng xa quiui ly thdng qua xiec kilm sodt tiln luong. Cdc uy ban lao ddng ducx: thimh lap ehiu mdcb nhiem vl sdn xuat va ddi sdng cdng nhan. Vdi nhiing nha mdy vdn cdn gidi chii, Cdng xa dua ra lenh cdin hinh thue cup phat, cam lam d6m trong cdc xucmg bdnh mi. Ch6' do ngay lam 8 tieng ciing dugc dl ra. Miic luong cua cdc vi6n chiic bi ha xudng, trong khi ciia cdng nhdn dugc tdng I6n. Cong xa ban banh dao luat quy dinh gid bdnh my, thit bd, thit ciru Nhilu cong nhdn ngheo red nhd minh tdi sdng tai cac dinh thu ciia nhtrng quy tgc, W san bd trdn. Cdng xa ti6u diet chi do W htiu vl kinh tl va thiei lap chi do cdng hiiu, Che do cdng htm vl kinh tela co sd cho viec ddm bao mdt nIn chinh tri ma mgi ngudi dan diu cd quyln lam chii, hay ndi cdch khac: tdt ed quyln lire thugc vl nhdn dan, C.Mdc vi6i: "Cdng xa mudn tieu diet cai quyln sd biixi giai cap dang lam cho lao dgng ciia nhilu ngucd biln thdnh sir gidu cd eiia mot so it ngudi. Nd mudn mdc doat nhtrng kl di Wdc doat. Nd mudn biln quyln sd hiiu cd nhan trd thdnh mdt bien thuc, bdng cdch bien nhting tu Ueu sdn xudi, mdng ddi va W ban, hien nay ehii ylu la cdng cu nd dich vd bde lot lao dgng. thanh cdng cu lao ddng tap thi va tu do"'^'. Cong xa dilu hdnh viec san xuai theo nguy6n tac ddn chii tren co sd cdng huu vl W heu sdn xuat, chinh dilu nay da khde phuc dugc nhung ban ehl ciia nIn sdn xudi trude kia. C.Mac chi ra: "Li6n hgp cdc tap doan hgp tdc td chiic nIn sdn xudi qudc ddn theo mdt kl hoach chung. do dd nim lay viec lanh dao nIn san xudi ay va chain diit tinh trang vd chinh phu thudng xuy6n va nhtrng su rdi loan theo chu ky khdng thi U-dnb khdi dudi nIn sdn xudi w ban chii nghia"'". Cdng xa da dl ra dugc nhtrng bien phdp quan ly xa hdi do chinh nhdn ddn dam nhan. Chinh vi phdt buy dugc quyln lam chii xa bdi ciia nhdn ddn ma "Ldn ddu tien. tir thdng Hai 1848. cdc dudng phd Pari duc;c an loan mac dti khdng cd mdt cdnh sdt nao""". Dudi thdi Cdng xa. Pari da boiui todn dugc ddi khde, tbi hien mgi xa hgi uu viet, tien bd. C.Mac viet: "Bgn gai giang hd dd di theo gdt bgn bdo hd bg, tire Id bcin bao ve gia dinh, bdo ve ton gido va chii yeu Id bdo ve tai san, da bd chay. Thay vdo bgn chiing, nhtrng phu nir chdn chinh cua Pari lai xudi hien, anh hiing. cao qui vd tan tdm nhu nhiing phu nii thdi cd diln. Mdt Pari lao ddng, suy nghi, chiln da'u, dd mau, nhung rang rd trong nilm hao hiing sdng tao lich sir ma hdn bd mai m6 xdy dung xa hdi mcd""'. Nhu vdy, theo C.Mdc phdn tich, Cdng xa Pari la mdt kiiu td chiic hoan toan mdi eiia giai cap vd Scin vdi nhilu uu viet va phti hgp vcri tien bd xa hgi. Mac Sd thang .1-2011 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuyen (hdng 29 NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001 dti cdn mdt so ban che', song Cdng xa Pari thuc su la mdt tain guang cho phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan qudc t6' hgc tap. Va thuc tl may chuc nam sau, mdt nha nude xdvi6t tiln bd ra ddi da khic phuc nhiing ban chi ciia Cdng xa dl quan ly xa hdi xa hdi chii nghia. 3. Y nghia cua Cdng xa Pari Mac du chi tdn tai 72 ngdy nhung Cdng xa Pari da cd nhiing uu diem ma cdc che' do xa hdi trude dd khdng thi cd dugc. Ddng thdi phong trao Cdng xa cung chi ra nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem cho giai cap vd san trong viec gianh vd giir chinh quyln: Bai hpc ve su dung phuang phap each mang. Trong cugc cdch mang gianh chinh quyln thi phuang phap bao lire la tdi yeu vd phd biln. Mudn xda bd chinh quyln cii, ddi hdi giai cap each mang cdn phai tap hgp tdi ca cdc luc lugng vcd cdc bien phap: kinh te, chinh tri, qudn su Nhirng bien phdp gianh chinh quyln cai luong ma cdc nha khdng wdng dua ra chi mang tinh do Wdng cho phong trao ddu tranh ciia giai cap cdng nhdn. Nha nude vd san Id cdng cu dl bdo ve thanh qua cdch mang cua cdng nhdn va nhdn dan lao ddng. Tuy nhien, thuc teCdng xa da khdng sir dung Iy ludn bao luc nay mdt each dung din. Ddy la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhdn lam cho Cdng xa chi tdn tai ttong thdi gian hei siic ngin ngiii. Do dd, ttong cugc dau tranh gianh chinh quyln ciia giai cap vd san thi viec dimg bao luc cdch mang la tat yeu, bit budc nhu mdt phuang tien can thilt dl thuc hien muc ti6u gianh chinh quyln, bcri le giai cap thdng tri, giai cap W san khdng bao gid cd ihl tu nguyen rod bd lgi ich, dia vi thdng Ui cua minh. Bai hpc ve viec ket hpp cac cupc dau tranh. Ldn ddu tien trong Hch sir nhdn loai, Cdng xa Pari da kit hgp khio leo giiia cugc ddu tranh ciiu nude cua giai cap cdng nhdn va nhan ddn lao ddng chdng ke thu xdm luge vdi cugc ddu tranh chdng ke tbii giai cap ciia giai cap cdng nhan nhim giai phdng minh va gidi phdng todn xa hdi. Day la bai hgc vd ciing quan trgng trong viec k6t bcjp cugc ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tdc, giai cap vd xa hdi dudi su lanh dao ciia giai cap cdng nhdn. Va qua dd thay dugc giai cap cdng nhdn cd thi dai dien lgi ich cho dan tdc, xa hdi. Bai hgc vl ket hgp da'u tranh nay da dugc cac cugc cdch mang van dung vd da mang lai dugc thanh cdng ldn. Ching ban: d nude Nga, dudi su lanh dao cua Dang bdns6vich, giai cap cdng nhdn va nhdn dan lao ddng da hoan thanh su menh lich sir quan trgng lam nen Cdch mang xa hdi chii nghla thdng Mudi vi dai bing viec van dung bai hgc ket hgp u-en. 6 Viet Nam, dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, nhan dan ta da van dung kheo leo bai hgc nay khdng chi trong cuoc dau tranh gianh ddc lap ddn toe va chii nghla xa hdi ma cdn trong cdng cugc kien thiet dat nude xay dung chu nghia xa hoi. Bai hpc ve vai trd cua Hen minh giai cap cdng nhdn vdi giai cap ndng dan va tang ldp \x\ thirc. Thuc te, mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhdn lam cho phong trao Cdng xa Pari that bai la do giai cap cdng nhdn khdng chii y de'n viec hen minh vcd giai cap ndng dan va tang ldp tri thirc, nen: bai ddng ca cua giai cap cdng nhan da trd thanh bai ai dieu. Cach mang xa hdi chu nghia d cac nude thanh cdng dugc ciing nhd den 'viee lien minh nay. Thuc te' chiing minh, viec h6n minh giai cap cong nhdn vdi ndng ddn va tang ldp Ui thiic thi vl mat nguyen tic giai cap cdng nhdn phai la luc lugng lanh dao each mang bdi le, giai cap cdng nhan ddy la giai cap tien bd nhai, hg cd Iy ludn tien bd ddn dudng. Phong trao cua Cdng xa Pari da di vao hch sir, Wy nhi6n nd vdn cdn nhilu y nghia cho phong trao cdng nhan va vd san tren the' gidi. Cdng xa Pari mai xiing dang la ban hiing ca cua giai cap cdng nhdnd 1, 2. 3,4,5,6,7. C.Mac, Ph.Angghen: Toan %, tl 7. Nxb CTQG - Sit that, 1995, tr.449, 454, 453, 455, 464. 30 Ly luan chinh tri & lyuyen (hdng Sd thang 3-2011 . bai la do giai cap cdng nhdn khdng chii y de'n viec hen minh vcd giai cap ndng dan va tang ldp tri thirc, nen: bai ddng ca cua giai cap cdng. Dac biet giai cap ndng ddn lo ngai chinh quyln ciia Cdng xa Pari. Sau khi Cdng xa Paii thdi bai, giai cap W sdn da bdi nhg thanh danh cac chien