WO R K I N G PA P E R S E R I E S N O / S E P T E M B E R 0 TERM STRUCTURE AND THE SLUGGISHNESS OF RETAIL BANK INTEREST RATES IN EURO AREA COUNTRIES by Gabe de Bondt, Bent Mojon and Natacha Valla WO R K I N G PA P E R S E R I E S N O / S E P T E M B E R 0 TERM STRUCTURE AND THE SLUGGISHNESS OF RETAIL BANK INTEREST RATES IN EURO AREA COUNTRIES by Gabe de Bondt, Bent Mojon and Natacha Valla In 2005 all ECB publications will feature a motif taken from the €50 banknote This paper can be downloaded without charge from http://www.ecb.int or from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=781086 We thank Jesper Berg, Francesco Drudi, Michael Ehrmann, Leonardo Gambacorta, Jordi Gual, Hans-Joachim Klöckers, Joao Sousa and Oreste Tristani for their comments and Rasmus Pilegaard for data assistance All views expressed are those of the authors alone and not necessarily reflect those of the ECB or the Eurosystem Gabe de Bondt and Bent Mojon are at the European Central Bank Contact author: Banque de France, B.P 140-01, 75049 Paris Cedex 01, France; e-mail: natacha.valla@banque-france.fr © European Central Bank, 2005 Address Kaiserstrasse 29 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Postal address Postfach 16 03 19 60066 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone +49 69 1344 Internet http://www.ecb.int Fax +49 69 1344 6000 Telex 411 144 ecb d All rights reserved Reproduction for educational and noncommercial purposes is permitted provided that the source is acknowledged The views expressed in this paper not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank The statement of purpose for the ECB Working Paper Series is available from the ECB website, http://www.ecb.int ISSN 1561-0810 (print) ISSN 1725-2806 (online) CONTENTS Abstract Non-technical summary Introduction Literature review Data 11 The model 4.1 Do bank lending rates depend on deposit rates? 4.2 Error-correction model of retail bank pricing 12 Results 5.1 The baseline estimates 5.2 Has the euro had an impact on retail bank pricing? 5.3 State-dependant bank pricing and the change in monetary policy regime 14 14 Conclusion 18 Appendix: State dependent pricing 20 References 22 Tables and charts 25 European Central Bank working paper series 46 12 13 15 17 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 Abstract This paper analyses the pricing of bank loans and deposits in euro area countries We show that retail bank interest rates adjust not only to changes in short-term interest rates but also to long-term interest rates This result, which is arguably intuitive for long-term retail bank rates, is also confirmed for bank interest rates on short-term instruments The transmission of changes in short-term market interest rates along the yield curve is found to be a key factor explaining the sluggishness of retail bank interest rates We also show that in the cases where we cannot reject that the adjustment of retail rates has changed since the introduction of the euro, this adjustment has become faster Keywords: retail bank interest rates; market interest rates; euro area countries JEL classification: E43; G21 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 Non-technical summary This paper investigates the pricing of retail bank products - loans and deposits - as an important link in the monetary policy transmission mechanism of the euro area In the euro area, households and firms are mainly confronted with retail bank interest rates when making investment and savings decisions Corporate financing is predominantly bank rather than market-based and euro area households still prefer bank deposits to money market mutual funds In addition, on the “supply” side, prices charged by banks influence their profitability and the soundness of the banking system Retail bank pricing is therefore central to financial stability, which in turn is a necessary condition for an effective transmission of monetary policy impulses Research on the pass-through of money market rates has shown that in the euro area, retail bank rates are sticky in the short term, i.e., changes in short-term market interest rates are not immediately fully reflected in retail bank interest rates These results have attracted a lot of attention because of their sharp contrast with the US, where bank interest rates had been more or less indexed to market conditions already since the mid-1990s (Sellon, 2002, Brender and Pisani, 2005) One common shortcoming of most pass-through estimates is that they are derived from reduced-form regressions of bank lending rates on the money market rate While this modelling approach provides a good summary evaluation of the sluggishness of retail interest rates to changes in money market interest rates, it falls short of explaining how banks price their products Hence, this paper proposes a model of bank pricing, where banks apply a mark up with respect to a “cost” that depends on short and long-term market conditions We argue in particular that long-term market interest rates are a particularly important element of this “cost” First, setting retail bank rates in line with long- rather than short-term market interest rates may limit the interest rate risk exposure of banks given that they typically face a maturity mismatch of their balance sheet (short-term liabilities versus long-term assets) Second, in the presence of adjustment and menu costs, uncertainty about the persistence of changes in money market rates or the future path of monetary policy may induce banks to define a target retail rate as a function of long-term market interest rates, as a smooth indicator of future changes in money market rates With this in mind, we analyse the term structure of bank pricing for 42 banking markets of the euro area: five different retail bank market segments (retail bank rates on short and long-term loans to firms, mortgage loans to households, consumer loans to households and time deposits) generally in ten countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Portugal) We also estimate the model for the euro area as a whole in each of the five markets We first argue that the dynamics of each retail bank interest rate can be specified within an error correction model (ECM) In the long run, banks set their retail prices in line with their marginal costs, ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 i.e the funding costs of loans and the opportunity costs of deposits, both being modeled as a freely estimated weighted average of the three-month money market rate and the ten-year government bond yield This way, the marginal costs of retail bank products may be more accurately captured than in studies that examined only a money market interest rate or an interest rate of a given maturity (de Bondt (2005), Heinemann and Schüller (2002), Sander and Kleimeier (2004)) We then test the stability of the baseline linear ECM before and after the introduction of the euro and assess whether more general state-dependent models are preferable to the linear specification In short, our main result is that retail bank interest rates adjust not only to changes in short-term interest rates but also to long-term interest rates This result, which is arguably intuitive for long-term retail bank rates, is also confirmed for bank interest rates on short-term instruments The transmission of changes in short-term market interest rates along the yield curve is found to be a key factor explaining the sluggishness of retail bank interest rates We also show that in some markets, the adjustment of retail rates seems to have changed since the introduction of the euro In those cases, this adjustment has become faster In more details, findings of this study are threefold First, we show that for all the retail bank interest rates considered, banks price their retail products in line with a “target” of market interest rates Second, most bank rates, including many short-maturity rates, are not exclusively related to money market interest rates, but also to government bond yields This widespread relevance of long-term market interest rates explains a fair amount of the widely observed and commented sluggishness in the response of retail bank rates to changes in the short-term market interest rate Hence this sluggishness is likely to persist even once the euro area retail banking becomes more integrated and competitive Third, our results suggest that the price-setting behaviour by euro area banks has changed since the introduction of the euro We find that the adjustment of bank interest rates to market interest rate developments has become faster after 1999 We show in addition that the nature of this adjustment has changed at this time Simulations indicate for instance that following a level shift in the yield curve, the response of retail bank rates has been muted since the launch of the euro Hence the increase in the pass-through is largely due to pricing practises that now give more weight to market conditions at short maturities and less to long-term ones ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 Introduction The pricing of retail bank products, e.g loans and deposits, is an important link in the monetary policy transmission mechanism of the euro area Euro area households and firms are mainly confronted with retail bank interest rates when making investment and savings decisions Corporate financing is predominantly bank rather than market-based and euro area households still “prefer” bank deposits to money market mutual funds (Angeloni and Ehrmann, 2003, Agresti and Claessens, 2002 and ECB, 2002) Consequently, composite indices of retail bank rates on loans are found to be important determinants of private sector loans (Calza, Gartner and Sousa, 2003 and Calza, Manrique and Sousa, 2003) At the same time, the “own interest rate” of M3, a weighted average of bank rates on deposits, is a key variable for euro area money demand (Calza, Gerdesmeier and Levy, 2001) Furthermore, prices as charged by banks influence their profitability and the soundness of the banking system, which in turn relates to financial stability Available studies of the pass-through to retail bank rates show that in the euro area, retail bank rates are sticky in the short term, i.e., changes in short-term market interest rates are not immediately fully reflected in retail bank interest rates These results have attracted a lot of attention because they sharply contrast with the US where bank interest rates have been more or less indexed on market conditions already since the mid-1990s (Sellon, 2002, Brender and Pisani, 2005) Moreover, the different degree of sluggishness in the national retail markets may introduce country asymmetries in the transmission of “since 1999” single monetary policy One common shortcoming of the available estimates of the pass-through is that they are derived from reduced-form regressions of bank lending rates on the money market rate While this modelling approach provides a good summary evaluation of the sluggishness of retail interest rates to changes in money market interest rates it falls short of explaining how banks price their products Hence, this paper proposes a model of bank pricing, where bank apply a mark up with respect to a cost that depends on short and long-term market conditions We argue in particular that long-term market interest rates are particularly important in the price setting behavior of banks First, setting retail bank rates in line with long-term market interest rates rather than with short-term ones may limit the interest rate risk exposure of the banks given that they typically face a maturity mismatch of their balance sheet (short-term liabilities versus long-term assets) Second, in the presence of adjustment and menu costs, uncertainty about the persistence of changes in money market rates or the future path of monetary policy may induce banks to define a target retail rate as a function of long-term market interest rates, as a smooth indicator of future changes in money market rates We analyse the term structure of bank pricing for 42 banking markets of the euro area: five different retail bank market segments (bank rates on short and long-term loans to firms, mortgage loans to households, consumer loans to households and time deposits) in ten countries We also estimate the model for the euro area as a whole in each of the markets ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 We first show that the dynamics of each retail bank interest rate can be specified within an error correction model (ECM) In the long run, banks set their retail prices in line with their marginal costs, i.e the funding costs of loans and the opportunity costs of deposits, both being modeled as a freely estimated weighted average of the three-month money market rate (MRS thereafter) and the ten-year government bond yield (MRL thereafter) This way, the marginal costs of retail bank products are more accurately captured than in previous studies that examined only a money market interest rate or an interest rate of a given maturity, since we don’t have clear indications what the latter should be for the different retail markets that we cover.1 We then test the stability of the baseline linear ECM before and after the introduction of the euro and assess whether more general state-dependent models are preferable to the linear specification The main lesson of this study is threefold First, we show that for all the retail bank interest rates covered, banks price their retail bank products in line with a target of market interest rates Second, most bank rates, including many short-maturity rates, are not exclusively related to money market interest rates, but also to government bond yields This widespread relevance of long-term market interest rates explains a fair amount of the widely observed and commented sluggishness in the response of retail bank rates to changes in the short-term market interest rate Hence this sluggishness is likely to persist even once the euro area retail banking becomes more integrated and competitive Third, our results suggest that the price-setting behaviour by euro area banks has changed since the introduction of the euro We find a quicker adjustment of bank interest rates to market interest rate developments We show, however, that the nature of this adjustment has changed since 1999 Simulations show for instance that following a level shift in the yield curve, the response of retail bank rates appears smaller since the launch of the euro than before Hence the increase in the pass-through is largely due pricing practises that now give more weight to market conditions at short maturities at the expense of long-term ones The paper is structured as follows Section reviews evidence on the interest rate pass-through process in individual euro area countries, Section describes the data Section presents the model Section discusses the empirical results and Section concludes Literature review Table summarises the main findings of interest rate pass-through studies performed for individual euro area countries Three main facts emerge First, all studies show cross-country differences in the interest rate pass-through, although no clear cross county hierarchy emerges in those differences E.g de Bondt (2002 and 2005), Heinemann and Schüller (2002) and Sander and Kleimeier (2004) See also the survey of the literature in section ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 Second, studies from the mid-1990s broadly show that changes in official and/or money market rates are not fully reflected in short-term bank lending rates to enterprises after one to three months, but that the pass-through is higher in the long term (BIS, 1994, Cottarelli and Kourelis, 1994, and Borio and Fritz 1995) Recent cross-country studies by Donnay and Degryse (2001), Toolsema et al (2001) Heinemann and Schüller (2002) and Sander and Kleimeier (2002 and 2004) confirm this finding Mojon (2000), Hofmann (2000 and 2003), Angeloni and Ehrmann (2003) and Coffinet (2005) also find short-term sluggishness in short-term bank lending rates to enterprises, but assume a priori a complete long-term pass-through Overall, the short-term pass-through of changes in market interest rates to bank rates on short-term loans to enterprises is at the euro area aggregated level found to vary between 25 and 75 basis points Third, all studies also show that the adjustment of bank interest rates is more sluggish for bank rates on long-term loans to enterprises, loans to households for consumer credit and house purchases and time deposits, than the one of rates on short-term loans to firms The short-term pass-through at the euro area level is found to vary between 20 and 30 basis points for consumer credit, whereas the adjustment of the bank rates on mortgages after one to three months is found to vary between 20 and 85 basis points For the bank rate on long-term loans to enterprises and time deposits these euro area ranges are found to be 35-55 basis points, respectively, 50-65 basis points A wide range of factors can explain the sluggishness of retail bank interest rates (ECB, 2001) and the reasons why the pass-through may differ across countries First, a bank will generally only adjust its rate when his (implicit) target or optimal rate differs by such an amount from the existing rate that the revenues from changing it out weight the adjustment costs Such costs may arise from different sources which lead to several explanations for sticky bank interest rates (Lowe and Rohling, 1992, and Nabar et al., 1993) One may think of menu or administrative costs, such as labor, computing and notification costs, and agency cost due to asymmetric information between banks and borrowers An extreme case of the latter is credit rationing (Winker, 1999) More generally, the true pricing of bank loans refers not only to the interest rate, but also to collaterals, covenants, fees, etc Another important explanation of retail bank interest rate stickiness is switching costs (Klemperer, 1987) Bank customers therefore face costs of switching banks, which, in turn, affect the interest elasticity of the retail bank instruments Second, differences in the macro financial structure may explain (cross-country) differences in the degree of interest rate pass-through, as argued by Cottarelli and Kourelis (1994) Changes in and convergence of financial structures among euro area countries may eventually lead to some convergence in the interest rate pass-through process In the period prior to stage Three of EMU there is evidence that the emergence of market instruments that are alternative to bank instruments, such as money mutual funds and corporate debt securities, has significantly affected the pass-through to retail bank rates on deposits but not for loans (Mojon, 2000) ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 Table A.2 "Garch" Error correction mechanism in cases where the linear ECM is rejected in favour of the Garch one Equilibrium Immediate pass-through Tests ECC ECC-vol Sym EC AA (a) Time deposits (3/9) Belgium 0.78 15.17 BB CC MMR BR 0.08 1.89 0.32 2.38 0.83 13.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.22 -2.06 -1.48 -2.17 Spain 0.45 3.11 0.41 3.44 0.82 5.05 0.30 4.37 0.01 0.17 -0.21 -2.94 Euro area 0.73 8.26 0.26 3.17 1.05 3.78 0.33 11.87 0.05 1.96 -0.33 -0.62 0.36 2.99 6.37 23.20 -0.29 -5.60 Chow Nobs DW AA=0 BB=0 EMU 0.02 104 1.97 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.05 2.12 0.03 104 2.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.10 -2.38 0.71 3.06 0.00 104 1.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.16 -0.76 -0.33 -3.54 -0.11 -1.56 0.05 104 1.47 0.00 0.06 0.09 0.43 8.25 -0.12 -2.08 -0.06 -1.35 -1.50 -2.76 0.00 104 1.97 0.00 0.2426 0.00 1.26 4.97 0.58 5.58 0.01 0.14 -0.28 -3.34 -2.70 -2.28 0.01 104 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 (c) Long-term loans to firms (1/8) Ireland 0.29 2.22 6.86 10.89 0.37 6.21 -0.14 -2.09 0.06 1.25 -2.42 -2.01 0.01 104 2.14 0.22 0.43 0.04 (c) Consumer credit (1/8) 1.00 Finland 5.45 0.32 3.73 0.72 2.40 0.47 3.67 0.13 1.33 0.01 0.25 -4.41 -5.06 0.00 104 1.73 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.33 1.10 1.29 0.93 0.41 5.80 0.06 1.12 -0.04 -1.11 0.19 0.97 0.04 104 1.95 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.76 2.20 0.44 6.05 -0.06 -0.69 -0.30 -4.57 2.50 2.84 0.00 104 1.93 0.00 0.31 0.14 (b) Short-term loans to firms (3/10) France 0.72 0.44 4.25 2.59 Ireland 0.64 12.77 Netherlands 1.17 18.83 (d) Mortgages (4/11) Finland Ireland 1.10 16.04 Italy 0.78 4.44 0.49 2.64 0.48 1.07 0.25 2.21 0.07 0.67 -0.20 -4.90 0.19 2.10 0.03 93 2.00 0.00 0.02 0.26 Netherlands 34 0.41 0.85 0.31 5.39 0.78 17.35 0.83 3.87 0.16 2.41 0.21 3.75 -0.15 -1.93 -3.66 -2.31 0.02 104 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.01 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 Chart 1: Market interest rates months money market rate and 10 years government bond yield (dotted) AT ES IE PT 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 BE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FI 1995 1998 1992 IT 1995 1998 EA 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 DE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FR 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 NL 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 35 Chart 2: Retail bank rates on loans to firms Short-term loans and long-term loans (dotted) AT ES IE PT 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 BE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FI 1995 1998 1992 IT 1998 EA 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 DE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FR 1995 1998 NL 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 1992 36 1995 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 1995 1998 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 Chart 3: Retail bank rates on loans to households Short-term loans and long-term loans (dotted) AT ES IE PT 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 BE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FI 1995 1998 1992 IT 1995 1998 EA 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 DE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FR 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 NL 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 37 Chart 4: Retail bank rates on time deposits AT ES IE PT 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 BE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FI 1995 1998 1992 IT 1998 EA 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 DE 1995 1998 0.0 1992 FR 1995 1998 NL 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 1992 38 1995 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 1995 1998 0.0 1992 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 1992 1995 1998 Chart 5a: Pass-through simulations based on full sample estimates Pass-through of the RBR on time deposits +1% for MMR only and +1% for both MMR and BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 25 Note: Responses in % over 48 months Simulation of equation [10] ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 39 Chart 5b: Pass-through simulations based on full sample estimates Pass-through of the RBR on short-term loans to firms +1% for MMR only and +1% for both MMR and BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 25 25 Pass-through of the RBR on long-term loans to firms +1% for MMR only and +1% for both MMR and BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 40 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 25 0.00 25 25 Chart 5c: Pass-through simulations based on full sample estimates Pass-through of the RBR on consumer credit +1% for MMR only and +1% for both MMR and BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 25 25 Pass-through of the RBR on mortgages +1% for MMR only and +1% for both MMR and BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 25 0.00 25 25 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 41 Chart 6a: Difference between the pass-through estimated over the “EMU” sample (1999-2002) and the one estimated over the full sample (1994-2002) Change in the pass-through: Time deposits +1% MMR and both +1% MMR and +1% BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 DE 25 FR NL 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 25 Note: Differences in the responses in % over 48 months Positive differences indicate a higher pass-through during the EMU sample 42 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 25 Chart 6b: Difference between the pass-through estimated over the “EMU” sample (1999-2002) and the one estimated over the full sample (1994-2002) Change in the pass-through: S.-term loans to firms +1% MMR and both +1% MMR and +1% BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 25 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 25 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 43 Change in the pass-through: L.-term loans to firms +1% MMR and both +1% MMR and +1% BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 25 44 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 25 -1.00 25 25 Chart 6c: Difference between the pass-through estimated over the “EMU” sample (1999-2002) and the one estimated over the full sample (1994-2002) Change in the pass-through: Consumer credit +1% MMR and both +1% MMR and +1% BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 25 25 Change in the pass-through: Mortgages +1% MMR and both +1% MMR and +1% BR (dotted) AT ES IE PT 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 BE 25 FI 25 IT EA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 DE 25 FR 25 NL Weighted_average 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -1.00 -1.00 25 -0.75 -1.00 25 -1.00 25 25 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 45 European Central Bank working paper series For a complete list of Working Papers published by the ECB, please visit the ECB’s website (http://www.ecb.int) 490 “Unions, wage setting and monetary policy uncertainty” by H P Grüner, B Hayo and C Hefeker, June 2005 491 “On the fit and forecasting performance of New-Keynesian models” by M Del Negro, F Schorfheide, F Smets and R Wouters, June 2005 492 “Experimental evidence on the persistence of output and inflation” by K Adam, June 2005 493 “Optimal research in financial markets with heterogeneous private information: a rational expectations model” by K Tinn, June 2005 494 “Cross-country efficiency of secondary education provision: a semi-parametric analysis with non-discretionary inputs” by A Afonso and M St Aubyn, June 2005 495 “Measuring inflation persistence: a structural time series approach” by M Dossche and G Everaert, June 2005 496 “Estimates of the open economy New Keynesian Phillips curve for euro area countries” by F Rumler, June 2005 497 “Early-warning tools to forecast general government deficit in the euro area: the role of intra-annual fiscal indicators” by J J Pérez, June 2005 498 “Financial integration and entrepreneurial activity: evidence from foreign bank entry in emerging markets” by M Giannetti and S Ongena, June 2005 499 “A trend-cycle(-season) filter” by M Mohr, July 2005 500 “Fleshing out the monetary transmission mechanism: output composition and the role of financial frictions” by A Meier and G J Müller, July 2005 501 “Measuring comovements by regression quantiles” by L Cappiello, B Gérard, and S Manganelli, July 2005 502 “Fiscal and monetary rules for a currency union” by A Ferrero, July 2005 503 “World trade and global integration in production processes: a re-assessment of import demand equations” by R Barrell and S Dées, July 2005 504 “Monetary policy predictability in the euro area: an international comparison” by B.-R Wilhelmsen and A Zaghini, July 2005 505 “Public good issues in TARGET: natural monopoly, scale economies, network effects and cost allocation” by W Bolt and D Humphrey, July 2005 46 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 506 “Settlement finality as a public good in large-value payment systems” by H Pagès and D Humphrey, July 2005 507 “Incorporating a “public good factor” into the pricing of large-value payment systems” by C Holthausen and J.-C Rochet, July 2005 508 “Systemic risk in alternative payment system designs” by P Galos and K Soramäki, July 2005 509 “Productivity shocks, budget deficits and the current account” by M Bussière, M Fratzscher and G J Müller, August 2005 510 “Factor analysis in a New-Keynesian model” by A Beyer, R E A Farmer, J Henry and M Marcellino, August 2005 511 “Time or state dependent price setting rules? Evidence from Portuguese micro data” by D A Dias, C R Marques and J M C Santos Silva, August 2005 512 “Counterfeiting and inflation” by C Monnet, August 2005 513 “Does government spending crowd in private consumption? Theory and empirical evidence for the euro area” by G Coenen and R Straub, August 2005 514 “Gains from international monetary policy coordination: does it pay to be different?” by Z Liu and E Pappa, August 2005 515 “An international analysis of earnings, stock prices and bond yields” by A Durré and P Giot, August 2005 516 “The European Monetary Union as a commitment device for new EU member states” by F Ravenna, August 2005 517 “Credit ratings and the standardised approach to credit risk in Basel II” by P Van Roy, August 2005 518 “Term structure and the sluggishness of retail bank interest rates in euro area countries” by G de Bondt, B Mojon and N Valla, September 2005 ECB Working Paper Series No 518 September 2005 47 ... convincingly explain the observed change in retail bank pricing since the introduction of the euro Conclusion The pass-through to bank retail rates is key to model money and credit demand in the. .. depending on whether short -term interest rates are rising or falling have already been examined for euro area countries The response of bank rates to changes in official rates and/ or money market rates. .. relevance of long -term market interest rates explains a fair amount of the widely observed and commented sluggishness in the response of retail bank rates to changes in the short -term market interest