Oncolytic Viral Therapy Oncolytic Viral Therapy Presented by Katherine Sawyer Presented by Katherine Sawyer Oncolytic Viral Therapy Oncolytic Viral Therapy  Definition: Definition:  “ “ Onco-” = cancer Onco-” = cancer  “ “ -lytic” = killing -lytic” = killing  Viral = using virus Viral = using virus  Therapy = for treatment Therapy = for treatment Onco = Cancer Onco = Cancer  Cancer is…… Cancer is……  Unusual cell Unusual cell growth growth  Caused by Caused by genetic mutation genetic mutation  Usually in form Usually in form of tumor of tumor Onco = Cancer Onco = Cancer  Cancer …… Cancer ……  Unusual cell growth Unusual cell growth  Caused by genetic mutation Caused by genetic mutation  Usually in form of tumor Usually in form of tumor  Blocks immune Blocks immune system with system with proteins proteins  Takes resources Takes resources from healthy from healthy cells cells Onco = Cancer Onco = Cancer  Cancer …… Cancer ……  Unusual cell growth Unusual cell growth  Caused by genetic Caused by genetic mutation mutation  Usually in form of tumor Usually in form of tumor  Blocks immune system Blocks immune system with proteins with proteins  Takes resources from Takes resources from healthy cells healthy cells  Can occur in Can occur in almost any almost any tissue tissue Cancer Treatments Cancer Treatments  Surgery Surgery  Remove tumor Remove tumor  Success if all of tumor is removed, but many cancers Success if all of tumor is removed, but many cancers metastasize (break and spread) or have irregular metastasize (break and spread) or have irregular shapes difficult to remove shapes difficult to remove  Risk associated with any invasive surgery Risk associated with any invasive surgery Cancer Treatments Cancer Treatments  Chemotherapy Chemotherapy  Use of toxic drugs to kill the cancer Use of toxic drugs to kill the cancer  Often severe side effects because it also kills some Often severe side effects because it also kills some healthy cells healthy cells  Effective but side effects significant (nausea, fatigue, Effective but side effects significant (nausea, fatigue, immune weakness) immune weakness) Cancer Treatments Cancer Treatments  Radiation Radiation  Radiation aimed at tumor to kill the tumor cells Radiation aimed at tumor to kill the tumor cells  Side effects severe, significant damage to Side effects severe, significant damage to surrounding tissue surrounding tissue  Effective in reducing tumor Effective in reducing tumor Cancer Treatments Cancer Treatments  Nanotechnology Nanotechnology  Use carbon or other molecule to carry drug or Use carbon or other molecule to carry drug or radiation to the tumor radiation to the tumor  Use shells of cells to carry drugs Use shells of cells to carry drugs  Attach drugs to molecules that can fit through wide Attach drugs to molecules that can fit through wide cancer blood vessels that healthy cells don’t have cancer blood vessels that healthy cells don’t have  Magnetically draw device to tumor Magnetically draw device to tumor  Carry marker for tumor to monitor progress Carry marker for tumor to monitor progress Cancer Treatments Cancer Treatments  Genetic Therapy Genetic Therapy  Re-program cancer cells’ DNA to make it die young. Re-program cancer cells’ DNA to make it die young. [...]... Clinic) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: SpecializedTrials  Intravenous VS Virus  First trial of intravenous oncolytic viral therapy( others used injection at tumor site)  Potential to “chase down” metastasized cells  (University of Calgary) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized Trials  Polymer-coated Adeno Virus  Protects the oncolytic virus from patient immune system  (Oxford University) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: ... (common cold) Influenza virus Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Method  Choose a resilient virus that is successful in the human body Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Method  Choose a resilient virus that is successful in the human body  Splice DNA into virus DNA that codes for a protein that bonds well and is attracted to tumor’s protein Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Method  Choose a resilient virus that is successful... into virus DNA that codes for a protein that bonds well and is attracted to tumor’s protein  Inject the modified viruses into tumor site Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Challenges  Main challenge is patient’s own immune system killing the virus before the virus can kill the cancer  Solutions  Fast acting virus  Protection from immune system  Protection of virus on the virus  Block immune system Oncolytic. .. immune system Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials  Measles Virus  Most successful trial  Brain cancer –high success rate Mayo Clinic)  Multiple myeloma previously incurable bone cancer (Mayo Clinic) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials  Seneca Valley Virus  Developed by Neoptrix  Successful at destroying small cell lung cancer Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials  Adeno Virus (cold virus)  Designed to kill... bacteria, no beneficial viruses (always kills its host) Virus: Structure  Protein shell called a capsid contains DNA  Arrangement of one or more protein fibers for bonding with host cell Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Reproduction  Attaches to host cell with spikes or filaments Virus: Reproduction  Attaches to host cell with spikes or filaments Virus: Reproduction  Attaches... or filaments Virus: Reproduction  Attaches to host cell with spikes or filaments Virus: Reproduction  Once attached, it pushes its DNA inside the cell,  Uses the cell’s DNA as building blocks for its new DNA  New virus breaks through cell wall Virus: Reproduction Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Method  Choose a resilient virus that is successful in human body     Measles Herpes Adeno virus (common... with breast, liver, skin cancers (University of Birmingham) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials  Herpes Virus  Variety of tumors (Baylor University in San Diego with Immusol in China)  50% success rate with pancreatic cancer previously a nearly untreatable cancer (Nagoya University, Japan) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized Trials  Measles Virus  Fusogenic Membrane Glycoproteins  (FMG)  Causes... Treatments  Oncolytic Viral Therapy  Genetically modifying a virus so that it kills cancer cells instead of healthy cells Virus: Description  Protein shell with DNA inside  Requires a host cell to reproduce Virus: Description  Requires a host cell to reproduce  Protein shell with DNA inside  Disease causing agent for diseases like measles, herpes, varicella (chicken pox), smallpox, HIV, adeno virus. .. patient immune system  (Oxford University) Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized Trials  Polymer-coated Adeno Virus  Protects the oncolytic virus from patient immune system  (Oxford University)  Heating bone cancer to fever temperature  Stops production of protective protein  Oncolytic virus has higher success rate  (University of Southern California, San Francisco) . Oncolytic Viral Therapy Oncolytic Viral Therapy Presented by Katherine Sawyer Presented by Katherine Sawyer Oncolytic Viral Therapy Oncolytic Viral Therapy  Definition: Definition:  “ “ Onco-”. host cell cell Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Structure Virus: Reproduction Virus: Reproduction  Attaches