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Biodiversity and Fisheries in the Mekong River basin
Biodiversity and Fisheries in the Mekong River Basin ISSN: 1680-4023 Mekong Development Series No.2 June 2003 Mekong River Commission BIODIVERSITY AND FISHERIES IN THE MEKONG RIVER BASIN Mekong Development Series No. 2 May 2003 Published in Phnom Penh in May 2003 by the Mekong River Commission This document should be cited as Coates D., Ouch Poeu, Ubolratana Suntornratana, N Thanh Tung & Sinthavong Viravong. 2003. Biodiversity and fisheries in the Lower Mekong Basin. Mekong Development Series No. 2. Mekong River Commission, Phnom Penh, 30 pages. C Mekong River Commission P.O. Box 1112, 364 Monivong Boulevard, Phnom Penh, Cambodia email: mrcs@mrcmekong.org Editors: Ann Bishop and Chris Barlow Series editor: Delia Paul Photos: Chris Barlow, Tom Boivin, Peter Degen, Pierre Dubeau, Zeb Hogan, Jim Holmes, Jorgen Jensen, Sommano Phounsavath, Chumnarn Pongsri, Anders Poulsen, Niek van Zalinge, and the World Wide Fund for Nature. Design & Layout: Sawaddh So The opinions and interpretations expressed within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Mekong River Commission. Foreword The fishery of the Lower Mekong Basin is one of the most abundant river fisheries in the world. It is of vital importance to the 55 million people who live in the basin. Not only do millions of people earn much needed income from catching, preserving and marketing fish and other aquatic products, they also depend on the fishery as their main source of animal protein. Although MRC research has demonstrated that the fishery is still in good condition, this could change quickly if it is not well managed and developments in other sectors have adverse impacts on aquatic life. In the report that follows, the authors propose that in the Mekong the importance of the fisheries is the major argument for protecting the biodiversity. They also discuss threats to biodiversity from within and outside the fisheries sector and measures that should be undertaken to sustain biodiversity. This report, like others in the Mekong Development Series, is intended to present the findings of MRC research in a form that is easily accessible to general audiences. In publishing this series, MRC hopes to disseminate its research as widely as possible and contribute to greater recognition of the importance of water and related resources, and the need to develop these in ways that are sustainable. Joern Kristensen, CEO Mekong River Commission Acknowledgements The work reported here has come out of the Assessment of Mekong Fisheries (AMF) component of the Mekong River Commission’s Fisheries Programme. AMF is based in the host research centers listed below. The on-going support of the managerial, administrative, technical and support staff at these centers for the work of the MRC Fisheries Programme is greatly appreciated. Department of Fisheries, 186 Norodom Blvd, PO Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Living Aquatic Resources Research Center, PO Box 9108, Vientiane, Lao PDR Udon Thani Inland Fisheries Research and Development Center, Suppakij-Junya Road, Amphur Muang, Udon Thani, 41000, Thailand Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2, 116 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam Photographs were provided by Chris Barlow, Tom Boivin, Peter Degen, Pierre Dubeau, Zeb Hogan, Jim Holmes, Jorgen Jensen, Sommano Phounsavath, Chumnarn Pongsri, Anders Poulsen, Niek van Zalinge, and the World Wide Fund for Nature. Graphics were provided by Hatfield Group, David Dudgeon, Cesare Tatarelli, and Robin Welcomme. Table of Contents Summary Introduction Aquatic biodiversity in the Mekong Why is biodiversity important? Some important comparisons between inland and marine fisheries The fishery resource and its exploitation The role of aquaculture Threats to aquatic biodiversity in the Mekong Status and trends in target species The importance of biodiversity in the fishery Concerns over the impacts of fisheries on non-target organisms Have biodiversity concerns been incorporated into fisheries management? Examples of best practice Conclusions and recommendations Summary Relatively un-regulated tropical rivers support a high biodiversity, rivalling that of the most diverse marine systems. This is due, in part, to extreme ecosystem complexity. Such rivers traditionally support very important, but often under-valued, fisheries. The fishery of the Mekong Basin is one of the most productive river fisheries in the world. High diversity of resources, in close proximity to large rural communities, leads to a high degree of participation in resource exploitation. Impressive large commercial fisheries occur in the basin, but because most people farm as well as fish, their involvement is largely part-time, using smaller fishing gears. The links between biodiversity and exploitation are immediately obvious. Reduced biodiversity will lead to decreased participation, loss of livelihoods and generally unfavourable socio-economic impacts. Caution needs to be exercised when applying to river fisheries conclusions that have been drawn from marine fisheries. These function differently in several notable respects. Threats to biodiversity that arise from within the sector include over-exploitation and the use of destructive gears. However, the most severe threat to biodiversity in Mekong comes from outside the fishery, and result from activities which cause extensive loss of habitat, ecosystem simplification and reduced water quantity and quality. Effective solutions to problems within the fishery sector involve co-management approaches which are already widespread and, in places, locally effective. The highly developed resource allocation systems (fishing lots) in use in the Mekong enable the control of open access to resources and demonstrate a potentially important tool in biodiversity conservation. However, conservation and social aspects of their use require further investigation before they are widely promoted. Aquaculture should be managed to avoid impacts upon biodiversity. Chief amongst these are habitat loss due to conversion of wetlands into aquaculture operations, and the widespread introduction of exotic species and native strains/varieties that result in direct loss of genetic diversity. Effective remedies for the latter include the application of codes of practice for use in pre-introduction assessments. The major conclusion to be drawn with regards to biodiversity in the Mekong is that the current benefits of river fisheries provide strong economic and social arguments for preventing and mitigating ecosystem degradation. Recognising this reality more fully in resource development polices would considerably strengthen the arguments for sustaining aquatic biodiversity in the Mekong. 1 Introduction Within the Mekong River system there are flourishing fisheries that exploit a large number of species. Estimates indicate that approximately 120 fish species are commercially traded, although the bulk of the fishery is based on 10-20 species. There is much current interest in biodiversity and the need to sustain it. Many people, however, often regard fisheries as a threat to biodiversity because of widespread over-exploitation of stocks, the use of destructive fishing gears, large by-catches (killing unused species) and general mis-management of resources. But is this true? This paper argues that fisheries are, in fact, not the villain but perhaps the most important ally in the quest for sustaining aquatic biodiversity in the Mekong. Large tropical river ecosystems have immense value both in terms of high biodiversity and the numbers of people that depend upon that biodiversity for their livelihoods. Unfortunately, all too often, large rivers lose their biodiversity as the environment suffers from multiple demands for water and other resources. This is particularly true where fast- growing populations lead to rapid development of river basins. The global trend with river environments has generally been depressing. Many river ecosystems have been undermined to such an extent that they fail to support decent levels of aquatic life. This has serious consequences for the people whose livelihoods depend on the abundance of living aquatic resources 1 . The perilous state of the world's freshwater resources has been well documented 2 , and many rivers have been modified to such an extent that they cease to be recognisable as rivers. Popular belief is that amongst the world's aquatic environments, it is the sea, and in particular coral reefs, where biodiversity is threatened most. The facts, however, disprove this. The loss of species from freshwater is far greater. What is "biodiversity"? According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992): biological diversity (Biodiversity) means "the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". It is, therefore, more than just the amount of visible variability amongst animals and plants and includes genetic diversity within a species (i.e., the diversity of genes held by populations of species of animals and plants) and the diversity of ecosystems (e.g., the range of habitats/environments available to support life). 2 The IUCN Red List for bony fishes, a database on extinct, threatened and vulnerable species, lists no marine species as extinct, in comparison with 96 freshwater species. Losses in other categories of fish confirm that the threat to biodiversity is much greater in freshwater environments (Figure 1). Interestingly, the Red List records one in five marine species as endangered through excessive exploitation, but only about one in 20 are categorised that way in the freshwater listings. It is environmental degradation (habitat loss and pollution), not over-exploitation, that is generally the major problem and one that is far worse in freshwaters. There are some grounds for optimism though regarding freshwaters. Awareness is growing that freshwater biological resources can be sustained where they are still significant. This is not technically difficult, but it does require awareness and commitment. Serious efforts are also beginning to be taken to rehabilitate degraded rivers, and this is being met with considerable success. Central to this, in developing countries, is the growing appreciation of the importance of freshwater fisheries to the livelihoods of people in rural areas. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Extinct + Extinct in the wild Endangered Critically endangered Vulnerable Total IUCN Category Number of records Marine Freshwater Figure 1: Number of fish species on the IUCN Red List from marine or freshwater environments (2001) 1 Coates, 1995a 2 For example, Dudgeon,1992 3 Fresh water Figure 2: Examples of the many different types of fishes found in the Mekong River. [...]... obvious, and arguably the most important, in the Mekong This is illustrated with the example of fisheries here A serious decline in biodiversity is an indicator of unsustainable development And in this regard, the fisheries are unquestionably of paramount importance Maintaining biodiversity must be a key goal in the quest for sustainable development of the Mekong 8 Nutrient spiralling - an example of biodiversity. .. Van Zalinge, 2003 Rainboth, 1996 20 Have biodiversity concerns been incorporated into fisheries management? In general, individuals, communities, and government agencies in the fisheries sector in the Mekong do not distinguish between the management of "biodiversity" and fisheries There are, however, some examples where fisheries management does address biodiversity concerns These include: The recent... sustaining livelihoods are significantly raising the profile of inland fisheries The fisheries sector is, therefore, finally playing a major role in ecosystem diversity and complexity, and hence in biodiversity management Effective intergovernmental cooperation to manage major environmental threats will be fundamental to the success of biodiversity management in the Mekong region For the Lower Mekong Basin. .. oversupply in a fishery Impressive as industrial fisheries are, the fishery is still dominated by individual small-scale operations Survey results have shown that from 64 to 93 percent of rural households in the Lower Mekong Basin are involved in fisheries, both for their own consumption and for sale Women and children are very active in the fishery, in both catching and processing/marketing Gender and age... management These concern sustaining livelihoods, reducing poverty and sustaining ecosystem integrity (and hence biodiversity) Unfortunately, all too often, aquaculture is regarded as a panacea for solving all the problems of the fisheries sector - often at the expense of investments in inland capture fisheries 10 Blue Millennium: Managing Global Fisheries for Biodiversity IDRC, UNEP, World Fisheries. .. from fishing lots makes the Fisheries Department in Cambodia one of the most prominent agencies in the country Similar systems occur to a lesser extent in Thailand and also in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia and many countries of West Africa In Myanmar, the fishing lot system is even more extensive 9 There is much interest in these resource management systems as mechanisms for conserving the environment...Aquatic Biodiversity in the Mekong There are at least 1200 species of fish, and possibly as many as 1700, living in the Mekong Basin This variety of species is illustrated in Figure 2 High diversity is also exhibited by other aquatic animal and plant groups It is important to note that "fisheries" in the Mekong are based upon much more than just fish and include the multitude of other animals and plants... all fisheries in the same way and, in particular, to perceive the impacts of fisheries on the environment as negative But fisheries in the oceans are very different from freshwater (inland) fisheries The vast bulk of sea fish are caught by large-scale commercial operations with relatively few employees Although large-scale commercial fisheries do occur in rivers, and particularly in the Mekong, the. .. Aquatic Biodiversity in the Mekong Threats arise from two sources: the impacts of fisheries activities themselves and impacts arising from outside the fisheries sector The direct threats to biodiversity posed by the fisheries sector include: the use of destructive fishing methods (explosives, poisons and electrocution); exploitation of fish at vulnerable stages, such as at spawning times; and fishing in. .. environmental impacts The most valuable natural resource in the Mekong is not the fishery, nor rice, but the water itself Sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin, which encompasses sustaining the aquatic habitats and the biodiversity they support, will ultimately depend upon the ability of the relevant riparian countries to appropriately manage water resources, both nationally and in cooperation . found in the Mekong River. Aquatic Biodiversity in the Mekong There are at least 1200 species of fish, and possibly as many as 1700, living in the Mekong Basin. . Biodiversity and Fisheries in the Mekong River Basin ISSN: 1680-4023 Mekong Development Series No.2 June 2003 Mekong River Commission BIODIVERSITY AND