so OAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC THAI OO CUA NGUOI DAN VUNG DONG BANG SONG HONG VE MO HINH SONG HIEN TAI Nguy§n Thi Phuang Hoa Vien Tdm ly hgc. Nhu bdi Viet trudc da dang tren Tap chf Tam ly hgc sd 5 (5 - 2009), sdng chung, an chung ciing bd me cua ngudi chdng (md hinh truyen thd'ng) vd sdng rieng, an ridng (md hlnh hien dai) la hai md hlnh sdng pho bien cua cu dan ddng bdng sdng Hdng (vdi ti le tuong ling la 38.9% va 54.5% tren tong sd 319 ngudi dugc hdi). Song, dd cd phai Id md hlnh sdng mong mud'n cua hg khdng? Hay hg mud'n chuyen sang md hlnh sdng khac? Day cung la mdt cau hdi nghien ciiu dugc dat ra nhdm du bao xu hudng bien doi cua md hlnh sdng d ddng bdng sdng Hdng. Mo hinh sdng mudn duy tri De biei dugc thai dg cua ngudi dan ddi vdi md hlnh sdng hien tai cua minh, chiing tdi da dat ra cau hdi "Ong/ bd cd mong mud'n duy tri each sdng trdn (md hlnh sdng hien tai) khdng?". Cdc cau trd Idi dugc the hien trong bdng 1. Bdng 1: Mong mudn duy tri md hinh sdng hien tgi (%) Mong mudn duy tri Mong mudn duy tri Nira mong mudn, nira khdng Khdng mong mud'n Khd tra loi Tdng Md hinh sdng hien Truyen thdng 29.3 6.0 1.9 1.6 38.8 Hien dai 39.1 4.7 8.5 2.2 54.6 tai Hon hgp 5.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 6.6 Tong 74.1 11.4 10.7 38.8 100.0 34 TAP CHI'TAM LY HQC, Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009 so DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC Nhln vdo bdng 1, chung ta cd the nhan thdy la: Phdn Idn ngudi trd Idi (74.1%) mud'n duy tri md hinh sdng hien tai ciia minh, trong dd nhdm dang sdng trong md hinh hien dai chiem ti le cao hon nhdm dang sdng trong md hlnh truyen thd'ng (ti le tuong ting la 39.1% vd 29.3%; cdn nhdm dang sdng trong md hinh hdn hgp chiem ti le khdng ddng ke Id 5.7%). Sd ngudi khdng khdng dinh mud'n duytri md hlnh sdng hien tai chiem 25.9% (trong dd 11.4% sd ngudi trd loi nira mong mud'n, nira khdng mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng hien tai, sd ngudi hodn toan khdng mong mud'n Id 10.7%, 3.8% sd ngudi dugc hdi thay khd trd Idi.) Nhln chung, dii dang sdng theo md hlnh ndo. phdn Ion ngudi dugc hdi ddu hdi Idng vdi md hinh sdng hien tai ciia gia dinh hg, ft ngudi mud'n thay doi. Vay hg mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng ndo? Bdng 2: So sdnh nhdm ngifdi mudn duy tri md hinh scmg hien tgi theo cdc tieu chi khdc nhau (%) Noid Hoc van Nghe ho Ndng thdn Thi Iran Thanh phd Cap 1 + 2 Cap 3 CD, DH Cong chirc Buon ban nhd Nong nghiep Hon hgp Mo hinh sdng hien tai Truyen thdng 52.8 32.2 31.3 54.0 43.3 24.5 21.4 32.5 56.0 41.4 Hien dai 40.6 60.0 63.5 41.4 50.0 67.3 72.9 57.5 36.9 54.0 Hdn hgp 6.6 7.8 5.2 4.6 6.7 8.2 5.7 10.0 7.1 4.6 Tdng 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 p < 0.001 <0.01 <0.01 De trd Idi cau hdi tren, chiing tdi chi lay nhirng ngudi trd Idi mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng hien tai de so sdnh. Ket qud so sdnh cho thdy mgt sd khac biet (xem bdng 2): Theo tieu chf noi d, ti le ngudi mudn duy tri md hlnh truydn thdng ma hg dang sdng d ndng thdn cao hon d thdnh thi (52.8% so vdi 32.2% vd 31.3%). Nhdm ngudi mong mud'n duy tri md hinh sdng hien dai phdn nhieu la ngudi thanh thi (60.0% vd 63.5%). Theo tieu chf hgc van, 67.3% ngUdi cd hgc van tir cao dang trd len mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng hien dai, chiem ti le cao nhat, tiep den Id nhdm cd hgc van cap 3, cudi cung la nhdm cd hgc van cap 1 vd 2. Ngugc lai. trong nhdm mudn TAP CHI TAM LY HQC, Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009 35 so DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC duy tri md hinh sdng truyen thd'ng, nhdm cd hgc van cap 1 va 2 chiem ti le cao nhat, sau dd de'n nhdm hgc van cap 3, nhdm hgc van tir cao ddng trd Idn chiem ti le thap nhat. So sdnh theo nghe nghiep ciia hd gia dinh (nghe nghiep chfnh cua hai vg chdng chil hg) thi ngudi sdng trong gia dinh cdng chirc chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhdm mudn duy tri md hinh hien dai (72.9%); cdn ngudi sdng hd thuan ndng chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhdm mud'n duy tri md hlnh truyen thdng (56.0%). Cdc hd budn ban nhd, hd hdn hgp mud'n duy tri md hlnh hien dai hon md hinh truyen thd'ng. Dudng nhu ngudi dan d ndng thdn, nhat la ndng dan vdn mud'n duy tri md hinh gia dinh truydn thdng hon ngudi thdnh thi. Ngugc lai, ngudi thdnh thi hai Idng hon vdi md hinh hien dai. Ngudi cd hgc van cang cao cang thfch md hinh hien dai hon. Gia dinh cdng chiic cdng iing hd md hinh hien dai hon. Md hinh sdng mudn thay doi Cdn nhirng ngudi khdng hoan toan mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng hien tai la ai? Phan tich sd lieu dieu tra cho thay: Nhirng ngudi khdng mud'n duy tri md hinh sdng hien tai ciia minh phan bd kha ddng ddu giira nam va nir, giira cac do tudi khdc nhau, song dudng nhu hg tap trung nhidu d Hd Ndi (44.3%) hon la d Thdi Blnh vd Ha Tay. Hg thudng Id nhirng ngudi cd hgc van cao (47.7%) vd d trong gia dinh hat nhan (76.7%). Nhiing ngudi mud'n thay doi md hinh sdng hien dang sdng theo md hlnh truydn thd'ng, hien dai hay hdn hgp? Bdng 3: Mong mudn duy tri md hinh sdng hien tgi ciia cdc gia dinh cd md hinh sdng khdc nhau (p < 0.01) ^"~~~~ ^Mong mudn duy tri (%) Mo hinh sdng hien tai ^"^^^^_,^^ Sdng chung vaAioac an chung ciing bd me ciia nguoi chong Sdng rieng, an rieng Hoac sdng chung, hoac an chung cung bd me ciia nguoi vg hoac ciing bd me cua cd hai vg chdng Mong mudn 75.6 71.7 85.7 Niia mong mudn 15.4 8.7 9.5 Khong mong mudn 4,9 15.6 4.8 Kho tra Idi 4.1 4.0 Tdng 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sd lieu bang 3 cho thay: Nhirng ngudi dang sdng trong md hlnh sdng hien dai chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhdm ngudi khdng mudn duy tri md hlnh hien tai (15.6%); nhirng ngudi dang sdng trong gia dinh kieu truydn thd'ng 36 TAP CHI'TAM LY HQC. Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009 so DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhdm nira mong mudn. nira khdng mong mudn duy tri md hlnh sdng hien tai (15.4%). Vay hg mong mudn mgt mg hinh sdng nhu the nao? Nhung ngudi khdng hoan todn mud'n duy tri md hlnh sdng hien tai mud'n thay doi nhu the nao? Md binh sdng mong mud'n cua hg Id gl? Trong sd nhiing ngudi dang sdng theo md hlnh hien dai, mgt bg phan nhd mud'n chuyen sang sdng chung vdi bd me de (bd me chdng hoac bd me vg). Nhirng ngudi ndy thudng d do tuoi trung nien. Sd ddng cdn lai vdn mud'n dugc sdng rieng nhung gdn bd me hon. Chfnh vi vay, khi nhin vdo bdng 4 chung ta cd the thdy: md hlnh sdng ridng vdn Id md hinh dugc lua chgn nhidu hon (50.9%). Bdng 4: Md hinh sdng mong mudn TT 1 2 3 Mo hinh sdng mong mudn Sdng chung va/boac an chung ciing bd me ciia nguoi chong (md binh truyen thdng) Sdng rieng, an rieng (mo binh hien dai) Hoac sdng chung, hoac an chung ciing bd me ciia nguoi vg hoac bd me ciia ca bai vg chong (mo hinh hon hgp) Tdng SL 12 28 15 55 % 21.8 50.9 27.3 100.0 Tai sao nhiing ngudi sdng xa bd me thfch sdng ridng, nhung gdn nha bd me. Dieu nay xuat phdt tir hai ly do: Thii nhdt, hg cd the nhan dugc sir trg giup ciia bd me. Thir hai, hg cdng de cham sdc bd me hon. "Nhd chi CO hai vg chdng, nhieu khi cung bi, mud'n di ddu khdng biet gid con cho ai Luc cd con nhd cd dng bd d cung thi tdt. Tdt nhdi Id minh d gdn nhd dng bd thi hay han. Minh vdn cd the nhd dng bd md it phdi va chgm, rdi khi dng bd trdi nang trd trdi, minh qua lgi chdm sdc cung den han". (Nil, 28 tudi, Hd Tay). "Ndi cluing Id cung mudn difa hd ve d ciing de trdng nom nhd cifu cho minh vd cd dieu kien phitng difdng di han nhifng dng bd Igi thich d ddt cita to tien de lgi. Nen minh Igi phdi chdm sdc, vi dii nlnf dm dau tin minh hdi han, cd thifc dn ngon thi minh bien, rdi Id mua thudc bd cdc thif". (T.T.T, nir, TTidi Binh). Trong khdo sdt dai trd, sd lugng ngudi trd Idi mud'n thay ddi md hinh sdng khd khiem tdn chi cd 55 ngudi (55/ 88 ngudi khdng chgn phuOng dn "mong mud'n duy tri md hinh sdng hien tai"). Tuy nhien, khdng phdi tat cd nhirng ngudi lira chgn phuong an trd Idi "mong mud'n duy tii md hinh sdng hien tai" ddu hdi long vdi md hlnh sdng hien tai. Qua phdng van sau, chiing tdi dugc biei: Mgt sd cap vg chdng tre (dac biet Id nhirng ngudi vg) hien dang sdng TAP CHI'TAM LY HQC, Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009 37 so DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC chung cung bd me chdng rat mud'n ra d ridng. Hg sdng chung vl "tinh the budc phai the^' (vf du: ngudi chdng Id con trai duy nhat trong gia dinh; cha me gia yeu, can ngudi cham sdc ). "An rieng ai chang mudn nhifng hodn cdnh khdng cho phep thdi. Khdng cd gi quy han dgc lap tif do. Sdng cung dng bd, nhieu khi chuyen xich mich giild vg chdng be lgi thdnh to, dgy con cdi cung khdng dugc nliuy mudn ". (Nii, 31 tudi. Ha Ngi). "Sdng chung nhieu cdi phifc tgp ldm. Sdng rieng Id mong mudn cluing ciia cdc chi em. Chi em ndo chdng mudn dugc sdng rieng. O nhd rieng ciia minh, chi em cd the "ndi to" han, cd the nhd chdng giiip dd md khdng nggi sif ddnh gid ciia bd me chdng. Chdng cung co trdch nhiem han, chia se cong viec gia dinh vdi vg han". (Nam, 40 tuoi. Ha Ngi). Md hlnh sdng rieng, an rieng khdng chi la mong mud'n cua the he con cdi - nhirng ngudi tre ma cdn la mong mud'n cua the he cha me - nhirng ngudi gid. Mdt nghien cuu cua Duong Chf Thien (2002) da cho thay md hinh sdng rieng, an rieng thudng la lua chgn ciia nhirng ngudi cao tudi cd ngudn thu nhap cao, dn djnh, cdn khde manh, nhat Id cdn du ca hai vg chdng gid (1). "Cudi dugc mot ndm la chung tdi cho chung nd ra a rieng. Cd the chiing nd mdi biet lo lang ldm dn, biet vun ven cho gia dinh. Dugc tif do chiing nd thich han md minh cung thodi mdi: thich dn liic ndo thi dn, thich di chai ddu thi di Chiing tdi cd luang hint chdng difa ndo phdi nudi, chung co bieu ddng qua tdm bdnh thi nhdn Tdi cdn khoe', dng d'y dm thi tdi chdm, tdi dm thi dng d'y chdm. Chdng gi cdc cu cung ndi "Con chdm cha khdng bdng bd chdm dng" md". (NG, 55 tuoi, Hd Ngi). Tdm lai, dii dang sdng chung hoac khdng sdng chung vdi bd me ngudi chdng, phdn Idn ngudi dan vung ddng bdng sdng Hdng ddu hdi Idng vdi md hlnh sdng dd vd ft cd mong mud'n thay doi. Tuy nhien, cd mgt nhu cau thuc te dang tdn tai. Dd Id nhu cdu sdng ridng cua nhidu gia dinh tre, dii hg ft thira nhan cdng khai. Mat khdc, dd cung Id su lira chgn ciia mdt bd phan ngudi gid cd siic khoe vd khd nang ddc lap vd kinh te vdi con cai. Bdn canh dd, su ddng tinh ciia ngudi thdnh thi, ciia nhdm ngudi cd hgc van cao, cua hd phi ndng nghiep ddi vdi md hinh sdng hien dai cang chiing td rdng: Sdng rieng la mdt xu the tat yeu ciia xa hgi hien dai. Md hlnh sdng phii hgp nhat vd dugc mong mud'n nhat ciia ngudi dan viing ddng bdng sdng Hdng hien nay Id d gdn bd me ngudi chdng nhung sdng ridng, an rieng. • r Tai lieu tham khao • 1. Duong Chf Thien (2002), "Tdc dgng ciia nhung yeu td kinh te - xd hgi vd vdn hod tdi sif Ufa chgn md hinh sdng trong gia dinh ddi vdi ngifdi cao tudi hien nay", trong cudn Gia dinh trong tam guong xa hdi bgc do Mai Quynh .Nam lam chu bien. 38 TAP CHI'TAM LY HQC, Sd 12 (129), 12-2009