CHfNH TR! - AN NINH CHAU AU MOT SO Ka QUn TRONG CHINH SflCH DOI NGOni CUR U€N XO V03 cac Rir^C xa TiQl Cljfi TlQTfiK ii B0RQ A (1945-1985) QUA NGUON Sir LIEU LIEN XO/NGA TS. Nguyen Thi Hong Van Vi thi qude tl cua Lien Xd sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thii Hai dugc cimg cd kha vung chic. Cude Chien tranh Lanh nl ra sau do khdng lau khdng lam thay ddi vai trd ciia Lien X6 nhu mgt trong nhiing nude dan dau ciia tien trinh chinh tri the gidi. Nhung mau thuan phat sinh ben trong nhirng nude timg la ddng minh trudc day cd coi ngudn tu tudng rat sau xa da bude nhiing nude cdn lai phai cd sir lira chgn tuong ling. Su lira chgn nay nhilu khi khdng xuit phat tir Idng tu nguyen ma dien ra vdi su can thiep tir ben ngoai, dudi anh hudng cua nhumg hoan canh chinh tri khac nhau, noi ma cac luc lugng dii diu (Lien Xd va My) cd quan diem dii lap vdi nhau. Cac qude gia d khu vuc Ddng A ciing khdng nim ngoai qui luat nay. Thuat ngu "Chiln tranh Lanh" dugc gidi bao chi phuong Tay su dung tir nam 1946 nhim diln ta mdt bdi canh quIc tl cue \ ~ ~ I Z . X ^-rw luioiii uiwii ici iiiv n 1 Q^. KopHHCHKO Y. XojlOOHOfl eOUHa. ky cang thing, mgt cude ddi diu ae liet giua Ceudemenbcmeo eeynacmuuKa. M., 2001. C. 31-38; CrapoaySoB B. Cynepdepoicaebi XX eena. chu nghia tu ban va chu nghTa xa hgi, dac CmpamezunecKoe npomueo6opcmeo. M., 2001. C. 6- u ^ 1' •- x/r- A T :s« YA trnno a\a\ rfnnn 9; CoeemcKaH eueuiuHH nojiumuKa e eodbi "xonodHoi bi?t la giua My va Lien Xo, trong giai doan ^^^^^,. (1945.1985). Hoeoenpoumeuue. M., 1995. C. tir giiia nhiing nam 40 din culi nhiing nam 505; Kaaanyee K). H. MeoKdynapodHbie omHouieHUR » , .^^ , u eueuiNMi nojtumuKa Poccuu (XX e.). PocTOB-Ha- 80 dIu nhiing nam 90 ciia the ky XX. Tren j^^^^ HOBOCH6HPCK, 2002. C. 204-206 H ap. Vien Sir hoc the gidi phd bien quan niem cho ring: Chiln tranh Lanh la cude doi diu khong khoan nhugng giiia My va cac nude ding minh ciia hg vdi cac nude XHCN diing diu la Lien Xd'. CJ khu vuc Ddng A, cuoc Chien tranh Lanh chang may choc da bien thanh chiln tranh "nong": do la cude noi chien d Trung QuIc (1945-1949), chiln tranh Triiu Tien (1950-1953) va cude chien tranh chong Phap d cac nude Ddng Duong (1946-1954). Sau dd, cac cude xung dot vii trang nay khong chi mang tinh cue bd ma con tao ra xu the dii dau giiia Lien Xd va My - nhiing nude tham gia vao cac cude xung dot nay mgt each true tiep hoac gian tiep, bang each cung dp vu khi, cd van quan su hoac dudi cac hinh thiic vien tro khac cho cac ben tham 88 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011 chien. Miic do tham gia cua cac nude Ddng A vao cac cude xung dot vii trang, anh hudng cua Lien Xd hoac My len timg phan trong khu vuc, quan diem tu tudng cua nhiing ngudi lanh dao nude nay hay nude khac, la nhiing nhan td chii yeu xac dinh quan he cua Lien Xd ddi vdi cac qude gia Ddng A. Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi chi mudn de cap den mgt sd ket qua cua chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Lien Xd ddi vdi cac nude xa hgi chu nghTa d Ddng A cho den nam 1985, thong qua cac ngudn sir lieu cua Lien X6/Nga trong thdi gian gan day. 1. Quan he cua Lien X6 doi vdi Mong Co Trong sudt thdi gian dai, quan he giiia Lien Xd va Mdng Cd ludn ludn gan giii va mat thiet^. Sau cude chinh bien nam 1921, tai Mdng Cd da tuyen bd thanh lap nude CHND Mdng Cd - mgt qude gia chiu anh hudng sau sac cua Lien bemg Xd viet. Su lac hau cd huu, vi tri dia ly lien ke, xu hudng banh trudng eua nha cam quyin Trung Qude va Nhat Ban la nhiing nhan td quan trgng tac ddng din Mdng Cd, biln qude gia nay thanh CM.: BaacanoB E. n. CCCP u AauamcKo- muxooKeaHCKuH pezuoH. M.,1991. C. 33-34; BacHJibeB JI. C. Hcmopun Bocmoxa. T. 2. M., 2001. C. 446-447; njiemaKOB K. Feo-udeojiozuiecKKaH napaduaMa. M.,1994. C. 61, 70, 76-77; Mcmopwi MeoKdynapodHbix omHOwenuu u eHeuineu nojiumuKU CCCP. T. 3. (1970-1987). M.,1987. C. 218-219; CoKoaHHCKHH B., CoHHHxaMHp H. UepecmpoHKa e cocedneH cmpaue: ontim. npodjieMbi, nepcneKmueti // Aswi u A^puKa ceaodHH. 2000. J^s 12. C. 10-12; H ap. bd phan phu thudc, ngudi "em lit" ludn bilt nghe loi ciia Lien Xd. Tham chi neu khdng cd sir chi dao va cho phep cua cac nha lanh dao Xd viet, chinh quyen Mdng Cd khong thdng qua bit cii quylt dinh quan trgng nao^. Hai nha nude Lien Xd va Mdng Cl trong gan 70 nam phat trien tren nen tang ciia md hinh cgng san. O Ulan-Bato da quen vdi viec phuc timg vd dieu kien cac chi thi cua Kremli, tir viec tien hanh cac cuoc bat bd, thanh trimg den viec td chiic ddi sdng kinh te. He thdng chinh tri va cac quan he xa hoi ciing phat trien theo md hinh nay. Chinh Tdng Bi thu Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cdng san Lien Xd M. X. Gorbachop da timg ndi: "Ddi vai Mdng Cd, Lien Xd ludn cd mdi quan he mat thiet vd gdn giii Tgi cdc Bd ciia chung ta da quen coi Mdng Cd nhu la mgt trong nhitng nude Cdng hda cita minh, ngodi ra cd mgt sd y kien, trong do cd cd tic phia Mdng Cd, ddt vdn de sap nhdp Mdng Cd vao Lien bangXd vie^". Quan he cang thang giura Lien Xd va Trung Quoc vao cudi nhiing nam 50 dau nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XX da lam cho quan he Lien Xd - Mdng Cd them khang kbit. Nam 1964, quan dgi Xd vilt da cd mat tai Mdng Cd, danh dau viec hoan tit lien minh Xd-M6ng ehdng Trung Quoc. Thang 11-1967 da thilt lap cac can cii ten lua ciia ^ BacHJibeB Jl. C. Mcmopux Bocmoxa. T. 2. C. 446. * ropSaneB M. C. )Ku3Hb u peipopjubi. KH. 2. M., 1995. C. 465. MM ijokH gud 89 Lien Xd tren lanh thd Mdng Cl. Din nam 1969, tren dit Mdng Cd duy tri tir 8-10 trung doan quan ddi Xd vilt^. Hien trang tren khdng thay ddi cho din nam 1985. Cimg vdi qua trinh cai tl d Lien Xd, cac nha lanh dao Mdng Cd bit diu lo ngai va td ra liing tiing. Hg da thi hanh mgt sl bien phap nham ngan chan anh hudng eua cai td, kim ham sir lay lan cac boat ddng tuong tu sang lanh thd cua minh^. 2. Quan hf Lien Xd - Trung Quoc Khac vdi Mdng Cd, Trung Qude - mgt trung tam va thanh tri khac cua chu nghTa xa hgi d Ddng A, khdng phai la mgt ding minh triet dl va nhit quan cua Lien Xd. Ngay 1- 10-1949, nude CHND Trung Hoa tuyen bl thanh lap. Ngay 14-2-1950, Lien Xd'va Trung QuIc da ky kit Hiep udc ddng minh vd tuang trg Idn nhau. Theo Hiep udc nay, hai nude da thilt lap sir hgp tac chat che vl chinh tri va kinh tl. Cuoc chiln tranh Triiu Tien cd anh hudng quan trgng, that chat them mli quan he Xd-Trung. Thang 10-1957 ' noflpo6HO CM.: BaMcanoB E. Tl. CCCP u AsuamcKO- muxooKeaHCKua peeuoH. C. 33-34; TIjiemaKoeK. Teo- udeojioautecKoa napaduzMa. C. 55, 70, 75-76; BacHJibeB JI. C. HcmopuH BocmoKO. T. 2. C. 446-447 Hflp. ' IIoflpoSHO o6 3T0M CM.: Ba)KaHOB E. IT. CCCP u AjuamcKO-muxooKeaHCKuH pezuon. C. 34; MoKflyHapoflHwii eaceroflHHK. 1988. C. 95; CoKOJiHHCKHfi B., CoHHHTaMHp H. UepecmpoiiKa e cocedheH cmpane: onttm, npo6jieMbi, nepcneicmuebt // A3UH u Acppwca cezodhx. 2000. Ks 12. C. 10-12 H ap. giura hai nude da ky ket hiep udc bi mat ve quan su'. Tuy vay, quan he mat thiet nay tdn tai khdng lau. Den cudi nhung nam 50 bat dau xuat hien nhiing ran mit va mau thuan trong ITnh vuc tu tudng - chinh tri va kinh tl. Su bit ddng vl tu tudng va nhiing quan dilm khac nhau ve tinh hinh qude te cuoi cimg dan den su cang thang trong quan he X6-Trung va sir bat hgp tac giiia hai Dang Cgng san Lien Xd va Trung Qude^. Nam 1969 xay ra nhilu cude xung dot dii ddi tren bien gidi Xd-Trung, trong dd Idn nhat la su kien tren dao Damanxki. Quan he Trung-X6 trd nen hit siic cang thing. Ket thiic giai doan "hum nghi vT dai" giura Lien Xd va Trung QuIc. Trung QuIc tir dd tudt khdi anh hudng cua Lien Xd. Sir cang thing trong quan he vdi Trung QuIc huge Lien Xd phai di tim nhiing diem tua mdi cho viec thuc hien chiln luge dii ngoai d Ddng A. Trung tam "each mang" ' CM.: KaaanueB K). H. MeotcdynapodHbie omHOiueHUH u eneuiHfiH nojiumuna Poccuu. M.: 2002. C. 201; JIH Ll3HHii3e. KumaiicKO-poccuiicKue omnouieHUfi u cmepuKaHCKUU (paxmop // Aaun u A^puKa cezodtM. 2002. X? 3. C. 46-47; IXneiiiaKOB K. reo-HfleojiOFHHecKaa napaflHFMa. C, 59-63; ' 06 3T0M nHmyr: BaxcanoB E. 11. KumaH u euetuHUU Mup. M., 1990. C. 34-35; ropSaieB M. C. :aCH3Hi, H pe4>opMbi. KH. 2. C. 430; JIH LlaHHioe. KumaUcKO- poccuUcKue omHOtueHUR u aMepuKaHOcuu (paxmop // AsuH u A4>puKa cezodhH. 2002. Jfe 3. C. 47; HHKHUieHKO C.A. <http://www.wukelan.kiev.Ua/level_3/magazine/4/stat >; IlnemaKOB K. Teo-HaeojiorHHecKaa napaflHFMa. C. 65-69; XasanoB A. M. KumaitCKO-coeemcKue omuouieHUH u "xojiodHox eoina" // BocmoK. 1998. W" 3.C. 152-154 Hflp. 90 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011 trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Lien Xd d chau A chuyen tir Trung Qude sang cac nude Ddng Duong - noi hgi tu day du nhung tien de quan trgng trong thdi ky hau chien . Quan he Xd-Trung dac biet cang thang hon sau khi quan ddi Viet Nam tien vao Campuchia nam 1978. Lien Xd ung hd Viet Nam trong viec gay anh hudng d khu vuc Ddng Duong, cd nghTa la ddi dau vdi Trung Qude trong khu vuc nay . Trong khi dd, d Ddng Nam A tdn tai mgt nhdm nude kien quyet ehdng lai chinh sach can thiep ve quan su cua Viet Nam vao Campuchia. Hon niia, su cd mat cua quan ddi Lien Xd tai vinh Cam Ranh ciing gay nen sir bat binh cho ca My va Trung Qude, ciing nhu cac nude ASEAN. Ket qua la vao dau nhiing nam 80 da hinh thanh mgt lien minh bao gdm My, Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban, cac qude gia ASEAN chong lai su hien dien cua quan dgi Viet Nam (dugc sir hau thuan cua Lien Xd) d campuchia. Ngay 3-4-1979, chinh phu Trung QuIe tir choi gia ban Hiep udc Ddng minh va Huru ' noflpo6HO CM.: Gaiduk I. Lien bangXo viet vd chien tranh Vi?t Nam. Yik Npi. Tr. 64-69; KaaanueB K). H. MeoKdynapodHbie omuouieHUH u euetuHHsi nojiumuKa Poccuu. C. 202; IliieiiiaKOB K. Feo-udeojioauHecKasi napaduzMa. C. 80-81, 84-85; IIoTanoB A. Cmaptiii dpya - nadeoKHbii dpyz // Aawi u AtppuKa ceaodtm. 2002. JV« 7. C. 34 H ap. CM.: HoaHecHH C. H. AKmyantHbie npodjicMbi BocmoHHoao MndoKuman // BocmoK. 1999. Jfe J. C. 168; Nhan Dan. 13. 06. 1988; rDiemaKOB K. Teo- udeojioauHecKan napaduaMa. C. 84; MaiuiHH B. H. BbemnoM: anpenb 1975 zoda // Bonpocu ucmopuu. 2000.Jf2 4/5. C. 83. nghi Trung-Xd. Sau khi Lien Xd dua quan vao Afganixtan thang 12-1979, Bg Ngoai giao Trung Qude tuyen bd: "Su xam luge ciia cua qudn ddi Xd viit a Afganixtan de dga hda binh tren todn the gidi, ddng thai de dga true tiep an ninh cua Trung Qude, tgo ra rdo cdn mdi trong viec binh thudng hda quan he giiia hai nude. Trong bdi cdnh dy, viec tiep tuc cdc cuoc ddi thogi Trung-Xd Id dieu vd nghia"^^. Nhumg diu hieu tich cue dau tien trong quan he Xd-Trung chi xuat hien vao mua xuan nam 1982, sau khi Tdng Bi thu L. I. Bregiomhep cdng nhan tai Tasken, ring Trung Qude la nude XHCN va tuyen bo rang. Lien Xd khdng theo dudi muc dich xam luge, khdng cd tranh chap gi ve lanh tho vdi Trung Qude. Quan diem cua Trung Quoc dugc trinh bay cu the tai Dai hdi Dang lan thii XII (thang 11 nam 1982), trong Dilu le Mdi cua Dang Cdng san Trung Qude, sau do dugc chinh thiic cdng bd trong Hien phap nude Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa (thong qua ngay 4-12-1982). Thay ddi can ban trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Trung Qude vdi Lien Xd dugc the hien chii ylu d nhiing dilm sau: " CM.: HoanecxH C. H. AKmyanbHtie npo6neMU BocmoHHOZo HndoKumoH // BocmoK. 1999. Xs 5. C. 168; Nhan Dan. 13. 06. 1988; ILiemaKOB K. Teo- udeonozuHecKCiH napaduzMa. C. 84; MarmHH B. R BbemHOM: anpenb 1975 zoda // Bonpocu ucmopuu. 2000. Ks 4/5. C. 83. MM i^UA qjuA 91 1) Loai bd luan dilm cho ring "ngudn gdc nguy hilm co ban cua cude chiln tranh thi gidi mdi la Lien Xd"; 2) Loai bd sir dn thilt thanh lap "mat tran quoc tl thing nhat" (bao gdm ca My) nhim ehdng lai "chu nghTa ba quyin Xd vilt" 12 Sir kien M. X. Gorbachdp dugc blu lam Ting Bi thu Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cdng san Lien Xd da tao ra nhirng phan ling tich cue tir phia Trung QuIc. Lin dau tien sau nhieu nam gian doan, Trung QuIc chinh thiic ggi Lien Xd la "Nha nude XHCN". Di theo eon dudng hien dai hda. Ban Lanh dao mdi cua Trung Qude nhan thiic dugc sir can thiet phai dap tat cude ddi dau dai dang va nguy hiem giiia Matxeova va BIC Kinh. Bude dot pha trong quan he X6-Trung trudc hit gan lien vdi cdng cude cai to d Lien Xd. 3. Quan he Lien X6 - BIC Trieu Tien Sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thii Hai, Trieu Tien va cac nude Ddng Duong, gilng nhu Trung Qude, nim trong khu vuc chien sir. Triiu Tien ngay lap tiic trd thanh vat hy sinh cua sir dii diu Xd-My. Cac quIc gia thing tran, sau khi giai phdng ban dao Trieu Tien khoi ach xam luge Nhat Ban, da thda thuan thanh lap d dd mgt Nha nude dgc lap va tu chu'^ Nhung sau dd, tren ban dao Triiu Tien 'npasfla. 1982. 12ceHTH6pfl. CM.: BopoHUOB A. B. TlonumuKa CHIA na KopeucKOM nojiyocmpoee e 90-e zodbiXXe. //Hoean da xuat hien hai nha nude: CJ phan phia Nam tuyen bd thanh lap nude Cdng hda Triiu Tien than My, tai khu vuc phia BIC nude CHDCND Triiu Tien ddng minh cua Lien Xd. Sau khi Trieu Tien bi chia cit khdng lau da diln ra nhiing boat ddng nhim thing nhit ban dao bing vii luc. Nhumg cude xung dot vii trang xay ra lien tuc tren vT tuyIn 38*'* da bien thanh cude chien tranh ae Uet (1950- 1953). Hai Nha nude cua cimg mgt dan tgc chiln diu ehdng lai nhau. Thuc chit, cuoc chien tranh Trieu Tien la cude cude chiln tranh khong tuyen bd giiia Lien X6 va My (dudi chieu bai Lien hgp quoc'^), keo theo sir tham chiln cua hang chuc quIc gia, trong dd cd Trung Qude va Nhat Ban. Cude chiln tranh Trieu Tien dan den su thay ddi quan trgng vl dia - ehinh tri: quan ddi My chiem dong lau dai khu vuc phia Nam ciia ban dao. u HoeeHmasi ucmopuH. 2001. J^s 6. C. 32-33; KasanueB lO. H. MeotcdyHapodnbie omHouieHUH u eneuiHsui nojiumuxa Poccuu (XX e.). C. 257-258; KoBajieB A. B. UojiumuKa CUIA u Jlnouuu HO KopeiicKOM nojiyocmpoee. M., 1990. C. 19-21; CeprecB 11. MmubCKue udbi K Ceeepy u lOay om 38 napajuienu // Asusi uAtppuKa ceaodrm. 2000. N« 10. C. 20-21 Hflp. ''* Day li gidi tuySn gitta hai vfing kiem sodt cua My \h Lien X6 sau khi tiSp nhan s\r diu h^ng cua quSn d$i Nhat Ban, dugrc th^nh l^ip theo sdng ki6n cua My thang 8-1945. N6 tro th^h bien gi<5i giiia Cgng ho^ Trigu Tien (thinh l$p thdng 8-1945) vd CHDCND Triiu TiSn (thinh lap thdng 9-1948). " Ngdy 7-7-1950, Hpi dong Bdo an hpp (Dodn d^ii bieu Lien X6 tay chay, kh6ng tham d\f tir mfia xudn ndm 1950 vl d6i thay d?i di?n cua Trung Qu6c vdo ghe cua Ddi Loan 6 ca quan ndy) thSng qua nghi quyet cho ph^p cdc don vi qudn d^i My dugc mang t€n qudn dgi Lien hgp quIc, six dung cd cua LiSn hgrp qu6c. 92 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011 Hau qua cua cude chien tranh nay that khdn ludng, tin that ve ngudi va vat chat d ca phia BIC va phia Nam Idn den miic bugc ca hai Nha nude Trieu Tien phai phu thugc gan nhu hoan toan vao nhirng ddng minh himg manh eua minh'^. Quan he Lien Xd BIC Triiu Tien tir nhiing nam 50 cua thi ky XX ngay cang trd nen mat thilt hon. Lien Xd tieh cue iing hd quan diem eua Bac Trieu Tien trong viec binh dn cude xung dot tren ban dao. Su giiip do ve kinh te, quan sir cua Lien Xd cho Bac Trieu Tien dugc tang manh sau nam 1961 sau khi Lien Xd va Bae Trieu Tien ky ket Hiep udc hitu nghi, hgp tdc vd tuang trg lan nhau. Hiep udc nay dugc ky ket nham ddi phd vdi Nam Trieu Tien va My. Theo Hiep udc nay. Lien Xd cd nghTa vu giiip do Bac Trieu Tien trong trudng hgp BIC Triiu Tien bi nude thii ba tan cdng va dat nude xay ra chiln tranh. Lien Xd va Bac Trieu Tien thudng xuyen gia ban Hiep udc". Theo tiem nang rieng, theo vi tri dia ly va hoan canh lich su sau chien tranh, BIC Triiu Tien chiem vi tri quan trgng trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Lien Xd d vimg Vien Ddng. Vi vay. Lien Xd "hdu nhu ddp nodpo6HO o nomepxx cmopon e KopeiicKoii eoHne CM.: OpjiOB A. C, FaBpHJiOB B. A. TOUHIA KopeUcKoii eoliHbt. M., 2003. C. 261; Mcmopun Kopeu. T. II. M., 1974. C. 249 Hflp. " CM.: BaHHH K). B. CCCP u Kopesi. M., 1988. C. 296; Mcmopux MeoKdynapodubix omHomeHuu u eneuiHeu nojiumuKU CCCP. T. 3. C. 223-224; CoepeMBHHbie Meo/cdynapodHbie omHotueutoi. C. 343. uTtg mgi yeu cdu cua Binh Nhuang ve vii khi vd vien trg kinh te '* 4. Quan he Lien Xd - Viet Nam Mudn hon Trieu Tien, Ddng Duong trd thanh khu vuc canh tranh gay git cua cac thi lire ddi dau nham tranh gianh anh hudng. Sau Chien tranh thi gidi thii Hai, Lien X6 tich cue ung hd phong trao giai phong dan tdc cua nhan dan cac nude Ddng Duong, xuat phat tir quan diem giai cap, coi ban dao nay la ban dap ly tudng cho viec phd bien, truyen ba tu tudng XHCN sang cac quoc gia khac thudc khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Nhumg cudng qude manh nhat da bi cudn hiit vao cude tranh gianh anh hudng tai Viet Nam - ciing cd nghTa la d tren ca Dong Duong. Ddi vdi Lien Xd, gianh dugc Viet Nam tiic la chiem dugc tien don dia chinh tri quan trgng d Ddng Nam A. Muc tieu ciia Trung Qude ciing tuomg tu nhu vay. Vi the Ddng Duong trd thanh noi tam diem hgi tu quyin lgi ciia ca 3 cudng qude: Lien X6, Trung Qude va My''. Chi do miln Nam Viet Nam nhan dugc su ung hd manh me cua My vl vat chit cimg ddi quan himg hau gdm hon nua trieu ngudi. Cdn mien BIC Viet Nam - Lien Xd va Trung Qude cimg cac nude XHCN khac. " ropeangB M. C. XCuaub upeipopMbi. KH. 2. C. 468- 469. " CM.: BaxcaHOB E. 11. KumaH u eHeuHUU Mup. C. 73- 80; IliiemaKOB K. Feo-udeojioauuecKaH napaduzMO. C. 81 Hflp. Mdi MJOUA gud 93 Sau khi chiln tranh Viet Nam xay ra. Lien Xd trd thanh ngudn cung dp chu ylu vi?n trg kinh tl va quan sir cho cac luc lugng yeu nude d Viet Nam. Dang Cdng san, Chinh phu va nhan dan Lien Xd da giiip dd mgt each tich cue va cd hieu qua cho Viet Nam trong cuoc chien tranh chong My va chinh quyin Sai Gdn (1964-1975). Theo thdng ke cua mgt tac gia ngudi Nga, tir nam 1966 den nam 1972, trung binh hang nam Lien Xd vien trg cho Viet Nam khoang 700- 800 trieu USD, 70% vu khi cac loai, mgt so lugng Idn xang dau, thudc men, luong thue va nhieu hang hda khae^°. Trong nhiing nam chien tranh, Lien Xd cung cap cho Viet Nam toan bd he thdng phong khdng, khdng quan va phao binh. Viet Nam con nhan dugc mgt lugng Idn tau chiln, xe tang va nhieu vii khi hien dai khac. Kit qua la trong mgt thdi gian dai, Viet Nam trd thanh mgt trong nhumg ddi tac quan su chu yeu cua nen quan su - cdng nghiep cua Lien Xd. Hang ngan sT quan Viet Nam da dugc dao tao trong cac trudng, bgc vien quan sir eua Lien Xd, trong dd rieng lire lugng hai quan la hon 2.000 ngudi^'. Din culi nhiing nam 70, da cd 2.600 ngudi Viet Nam dugc dao tao tai cac hge vien quan su ciia Lien Xd. Hang tram cd van, chuyen gia quan su Lien Xd da timg cd mat tai Viet Nam. Tdng sd cd van, chuyen gia quan su Lien Xd sang giiip Viet Nam trong cuoc chiln tranh ehdng My, Cliu nude la 22.000 ngudi^^. Nhd su giiip do nhiet tinh ciia Lien Xd va cac nude XHCN khac, nam 1975 Viet Nam da gianh dugc thang lgi quan trgng - giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam. That bai cua My trong chien tranh d Ddng Duomg, Viet Nam thdng nhat va viec cac the luc mdi len nam quyen d Lao va Campuchia dat ra trudc Lien Xd mgt nhiem vu mdi bao dam ngay cang nhieu vien trg vat chat va iing hd ve ehinh tri cho cac qude gia Ddng Duong . Sau khi tuyen bd thanh lap nude Cgng hda XHCN Viet Nam nam 1976, quan hd ve mgi mat ciia Lien Xd va Viet Nam dugc nang len tam cao mdi ve chat. Ngay 3-11- 1978, Lien Xd va Viet Nam ky kit Hiep udc Hitu nghi vd Hgp tdc. Ngay 2-5-1979, Chinh phu Viet Nam va Lien Xd ky Hiep dinh vl vif c Vi?t Nam cho Lien Xd thue hai can cii quan su - hai quan d Cam Ranh va khdng quan d Da Nlng trong thdi ban 25 nam. Tir nhumg can cii nay cd the kiem soat phan phia ^ Gaiduc I. Lien bang Xd viet vd chiin tranh Vi$t Nam. Hd N^i, 1998. Tr. 35-38, 64-69, 125-128, 130- 133, 145-148; CoeemcKUU Coios - BbemuoM: 30 jiem omHouteHuH (1950-1980). floKyMCHTbi H MaxepHajiw. M., 1982. C. 120-122, 156, 186-187, 212-213, 262- 266,325-326,351-354. ^' Gaiduc I. Lien bang Xd viit vd chien tranh Vi?t Nam. Tr. 16-17, 26. 34-35; KOMOB B. Kpacnaa 3Be3fla. 2002.25 Max. <redstar.ru>. ^ CM. cafir: http://www.rspp.org/mcenter/vietnam/vietnam.htm ^ CM.: BejiOKOHb K>. CCCP u HndoKumaUcKue aocydapcmea: nepcncKmueu denoeoao compydHUHBcmea // M3HMO. 1991. Jfe 5. C. 130. Gaiduc I. Gaiduc I. Lien bang Xd viet vd chiin tranh Vift Nam. Tr. 16-17, 26, 76-77. CoeemcKuH Corns - BbemuaM: 30 Jiem omHouieHuH (1950-1980). C. 173- 174,252-254, 328,343. 94 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011 nam cua Thai Binh Duomg va toan bd An Do Duong. Su cd mat cua quan dgi Lien Xd d hai can cii quan sir nay hau nhu can bang vdi su CO mat cua quan ddi My d Philippin. Tai Cam Ranh, quan ddi Lien Xd ed khoang 20-30 tau chien, 1 hang khdng mau ham va mgt sd tau ngam vdi khoang 7.000 thuy thu. Sau nay. Lien Xd va Viet Nam da ky van ban ve xay dimg mgt sd cdng trinh khdng hoan lai cho phia Viet Nam. Ket qua la Cam Ranh trd thanh can cii quan sir Idn nhat (so vdi nhiing can cii quan sir cimg loai cua My) cua Lien Xd d nude ngoai. Sau khi mien Nam Viet Nam hoan toan giai phdng, quan ddi cua Pdn Pdt d campuchia lien tuc gay ra cac cude xung dot vii trang d bien gidi Tay Nam cua Viet Nam. Chiing thudng xuyen cho quan quay rdi dgc theo 1.1 Oo km tren dudng bien gidi Viet Nam - campuchia, gay nhieu thiet hai va tdn that ve ngudi va ciia cho eac tinh Tay Nam bg cua Viet Nam. Nam 1978, quan ddi Viet Nam tien vao Campuchia. Vdi sir hau thuIn ciia quan dgi Viet Nam, eac lire lugng yeu nude campuchia da lat do che do diet chung cua Pon Pit, thanh lap Nha nude CHND campuchia. Lien Xd, tuy khdng mong dgi kit cue nhu tren, ngay lap tiic ung hg Viet Nam vl chinh tri va vien trg vu khi. Trung Qude, cac quIe gia ASEAN va nhilu nude khac tren thi gidi cuong quylt phan ddi va len an viec Viet Nam dua quan vao Campuchia. Su kien d campuchia lam cho mau thuan giiia Lien Xd va Viet Nam vdi da sl cac quoc gia d khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong ngay cang them' sau slc^^v Cac luc lugng vii trang cua phe ddi lapii4n naiiiDtrong cac trai ti nan cua ngudi campuchia tirSn'^ianh thd Thai Lan dugc cung c^ vii khi tir My va Trung QuIc. Cudc xung dot khu vuc lien quan den vin dl campuchia trd thanh nguy co thuc te de doa den su dn dinh va an ninh eua toan the gidi^^. Nha cam quyen Trung Quoc ngay lap tiic quyet dinh "day cho Viet Nam mgt bai hge" vi tdi lat dd thu ITnh than Trung Quoc - Pdn Pdt d campuchia. Ngay 17-2-1979, 11 quan doan Trung Quoc va mgt sd trung doan vdi khoang 600.000 ngudi, dugc sir trg giiip cua 600 xe tang, 700 may bay tien vao lanh thi Viet Nam d bien gidi phia Bac. Thiet hai chung do cude tin cdng cua quan ddi Trung Quoc gay ra vao khoang 1 ty USD . ^* CM.: BaxcanoB E. 11. CCCP u Aauamaco- muxooKeaHCKuH peauoH. M., C.35; IIpaBfla. 1987. 18. OKxaSpa; HcaeB M. 11., Wepubituee A. C. Hcmopux coeemcKO-eb&nHOMtiKux omHoiueHUu: 1917-1985. M., 1986. C.166; Hcaes M. 11. BueuiHim nonumuKa cmpoH HhdoKumaH. M., 1989. C. 128-129, 167-168; CyjiHUKaa T. H. Cmpanti ACEAH u MeoKdyuapodHbie omHOuieHUH e lOao-eocmoHHoU Aauu. C. 104-106; H flp. ^* noflpo6HO CM.: BejioKOHb K). CCCP u HndoKumaUcKue aocydapcmea: nepcneKmueu dejioeozo compydHunecmea // M3HM0. 1991. Me 5. C. 136; EypDKyojHbie nojiumdMohi' o eueMueu nonumuKe CCG^ 'llbfl^ pea. O.T.' Tapa«»Ba)«M.: 1988. C. 101-102; CyjiHUKaa T. VI. CmpaHbi ACEAH u MCJicdyHapodHbie omHouieHun e -JOzo-eocmoHHoi /43MM.C. 104-106 Hflp. e, .u.; ' ^' HoBaKOBa O. B., User^ W K). Mcmopta BbemnoMa. MacTb 2. C.259. "M 2£ C005: .EAESHC Mf^ijoUil qjud. 95 Cudc tan cdng cua quan dgi Trung Qude vao lanh thg Viet Nam bi Lien Xd kich liet len^^o. TrQr)g,^I"ify?nr,bd ciia Chirih phii Lien X6 ngay L8-2-1979,. Lien X6 ,doi Trung Quoc phai nit ngay quan dgi ra khoi lanh thd Viet Nam va nhan manh rang: Lien Xd se thuc hien nhiing cam ket cua minh theo Hiep udc Hitu nghi vd Hgp tdc daky kit giiia Lien Xdvd VietNarr?^. Phien hop bat thirdrig bua Bd Chinh tri Bain Chap hanli Trung uong Dang Cgng san Lien Xo'da quyef dinh'cir dai dien dac biet WlWfelc'^irih ctitfg' vdi'toi WSu thu cua Lien ^§.'Trong khi qu&n'dgi Tiung QuIc giao ^ffiih vdi cac lire lugrfgtian quan tu ve cac 'iialhSbTIH'gi'di phlaB'lc', rrigt sl don vi quan '(^i'filh^Xfl viing Zabaikal da tl chiic diln % '^ln'J8^ng='terfl^f'^'tfeh bien gidi X6- 'Trung,'' con cac tau chien cua Ham dgi Thai Binh Duong'thi chudn bi tien ve Bien Vang 'va Bieh Nam Trtttig'Qiadc: BIC Kinh liln lap 'tfed # m^ ntt'^^qu^ laifei lanh thi Viet , Ciing vdi viec Lien X6 coi trgng vi tri B1 ui^h amjb .6X iiaiJ LUQ idra o&h ;. chien Iiroc cua Viet Nam ciing nhu tich cue ung hg cac che do cdng san d cac quoc gia Dong Duomg, van de Campuchia cang trd nen nghiem trgng. Trong hang thap ky lien. Lien Xd iing hd vd dieu kien sir cd mat cua quan dgi Viet Nam d Campuchia, con da so cac nude tren the gidi doi Viet Nam nit quan ra khoi Campuchia. Tir do, co the thay rang viec giai quyet van de Campuchia phan nhieu anh hudng den chinh sach doi ngoai cua Lien Xd d Dong A, den moi quan he cua Lien Xd doi vdi Trung Quoc cung nhu vdi cac quoc gia ASEAN^^. Vao nhirng nam 80 ciia the ky XX, trong con mat cua cac qude gia Dong Nam A, Viet Nam la mgt mli de dga hoan toan nguy hiem va thuc te. Thic nhdt, dat nude nay co tiem luc quan sir rat Idn (quan so cua lire lugng vii trang diing thii tu tren the gidi, sau Trung QuIc, Lien X6 va My); Thic hai, viec Viet Nam dua quan vao Campuchia tao ra mli lo au thuc sir cho cac qude gia ASEAN, vl phin minh, diing tren quan dilm giai dp. Ha Noi cung coi cac nude ASEAN la ke thii vi nhom nude nay da ung hg cuoc can thiep vu trang ciia My chong " C"M. noflpp6Ho: HcaeB M. 0., HepHbimeB A. C. WMo^ii^ lQ^eeikif}de^mfidj^^idO iilhHoweHuii: 1917-1985. C.182; CoeemcKufi Com3 BpemhaM: 30 Jiem omHomeuuH r7950-/P5«>/.'.«.= '^34V^^-25;-526-527; 529; 530-532. ^'CM.: Ea>KaHOB E. U. KumaU u eHewHuH Mup. C. 84- 85; http://www.itogi.ru/paper2001.nsf/Article/ltogi_2001 06 18 13 3158.html ^' 06 3T0M HHUiyx: BaacanoB E. 11. KumaH u eHeiuHUU Mup. M., 1990. C. 311-312; EyuiHHCKHH JI. CoeemcKan eHeuiHHH nonumuKa u lOao-eocmoHHOH A3UH. C. 602; rpe6eHmHK0B 3. Kumaii u ACEAH: yxodn om cmepeomunoe npouuiozo // M3MM0. 1991. Xs 9. C. 132-133; CyjiHUKaa T. H. Cmpaubi ACEAH u MeoKdyuapodhbie omnouieHUH e lOao-eocmoiHoU y^sMM.C. 61-62; 98-101 nap. 96 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011 Viet Nam, tham chi mgt sd nude than My (Thai Lan, Philippin) cdn true tilp tham gia vao cudc chien tranh nay chong lai nhan dan Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, ASEAN ciing la ngudi khdi xudng phong trao quoc te chong su can thiep cua Viet Nam vao Campuchia . Viet Nam va Campuchia hau nhu bi cd lap trong cdng ddng quoc te. Lien Xd va cac nude XHCN het Idng ung hd hai nude nay. Cac quoc gia ASEAN, My, cac nude Tay Au thi coi hanh dgng ciia Viet Nam d campuchia la xam luge va dau tranh nham giai quyet van de Campuchia tren co sd nit toan bg quan ddi nude ngoai va tien hanh tdng tuyen cii tu do. Vi van de Campuchia ma mau thuIn giiia Lien Xd va Trung Qude bi trim trgng them. Nhu vay, Trung Qude da xa rdi "dai gia dmh" XHCN. Vi tri cua Trung Qude dugc thay the bang cac qude gia Ddng Duomg, trudc het la Viet Nam. Nhin chung, din nam 1985, d Ddng A tinh hinh biln chuyin khdng thuan lgi cho Lien Xd: Trung Qude, cudng qude Idn nhit trong khu vuc, da hon hai thap nien ehdng lai anh hudng cua Lien Xd, nhilu khi trd thanh ddi dau nhau. Vac nhiing nam 80, xuit hien nhiing dau hieu tdt lanh trong quan he giiia hai nude. Song, nhumg dieu kien ma phia Trung Qude dua ra cho viec binh thudng hda quan he Trung-Xd la phai thuc hien "3 dieu can trd": 1) Rut quan dgi Lien Xd khoi Afganixtan; 2) Riit bd dgi bien phdng Lien Xd khdi khu vuc bien gidi Xd-Trung; 3) Giai quyet van de Campuchia bang each nit quan ddi Viet Nam khdi nude nay. Nhiing ddng minh khac cua Lien X6 trong khu vuc nhu Mdng Cd, CHDCND Trieu Tien va Cdng hda XHCN Viet Nam ve chinh tri ludn ludn ung hd Lien Xd. Nhung tiem luc quan su va kinh te cua hg bi ban che va vi the, quan he ciia Lien Xd vdi cac nude nay da ngdn di cua Lien Xd mgt lugng Idn vat chat va tien ciia. Cac vin de ddi ngoai, trong dd cd viec Lien Xd phai tieu tdn mgt lugng khdng Id vat chit va tien bac de vien trg khdng hoan lai cho cac nude ddng minh, ciing nhu nhiing chi phi quan su tin kem da bugc Lien Xd phai cd nhumg thay ddi can ban trong chinh sach doi ngoai cua minh. Vi vay, sau khi len nam quyen vao nam 1985, ban lanh dao mdi ciia Lien Xd, diing dau la M. X. Gorbachdp, da de ra nhiem vu: Dat dugc sir thay ddi mang tinh bude ngoat, chuyen tir Chien tranh Lanh, ddi dau sang hgp tac va doi thoai./. '" CM. xaKJKe: CyjiHUKaa T. H. CmpaHH ACEAH u MeoKdynapodHbie omHOiueHtiH e lOzo-eocmoHHoU A3UU.C. 104-115. . nha lanh dao Mdng Cd bit diu lo ngai va td ra liing tiing. Hg da thi hanh mgt sl bien phap nham ngan chan anh hudng eua cai td, kim ham sir lay lan. luge, khdng cd tranh chap gi ve lanh tho vdi Trung Qude. Quan diem cua Trung Quoc dugc trinh bay cu the tai Dai hdi Dang lan thii XII (thang 11 nam