CLEANER PRODUCTION AUDIT IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM by Vu Tuong Anh A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science Examination Committee : Dr C Visvanathan (Chairman) Mrs Samorn Muttamara Dr Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh Nationality Previous Degree : : Scholarship Donor : Vietnamese B.Sc (Chemistry) Hanoi University Ecumenical Scholarship Program (ESP) Vu Tuong Anh Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok, Thailand August, 1996 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I would like to express my profound gratitude and sincerest appreciation to my advisor, Dr C Visvanathan for his encouragement, unending support and valuable advice throughout the study period My gratitude is extended to Mrs Samorn Muttamara and Dr Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh for their valuable advice and kindly serving as committee members Appreciation is greatly extended to the Ecumenical Scholarship Program (ESP) for providing financial support for my study at AIT, and to the DANIDA for supporting research grant Sincere thanks are due to Dr Tran Van Nhan and the Center for Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Technology for their help and support during my field study in Vietnam I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Mark Radka of UNEP for providing necessary information and sharing his experience with me My thanks is extended to all staff in the Technical Department of the Van Diem mill for their help in my field study in the mill I would like to thank all faculty, staff and friends of EEP (SERD) at AIT for their help and cooperation Finally, I wish to express my extreme gratefulness to my beloved parents and my brother for their unending love and encouragement My sincere thanks is extended to my husband for his helpfulness, encouragement and moral support during my research period I would like to dedicate this piece of work to my beloved parents iii ABSTRACT Van Diem Paper Mill is a small integrated paper mill that uses bagasse and waste paper as raw material The mill manufactures carton board, cover paper, pupil note-book cover It was found that upsets and spills occurred frequently as a result of the old process The production capacity was found to be tons/day when the mill was running normally Water balance, material balance and energy balance were drawn for the mill The water consumption on an overall basis was found to be 376 m3 per ton of product The suspended solid (SS) in the wastewater was 431.8 kg/ton of product The fiber loss from the paper machines was considerable with the value of 20.8% The total of SS and SS70 (parameter used to assess the fiber loss of a paper mill) discharged to the Red river was 369.7 kg/ton and 211.7 kg/ton respectively The high concentration of alkaline vapour (0.187 mg/L) in the digestor plant was a severe source of air pollution in the mill The cleaner production opportunities for the mill were studied Stream segregation with black liquor collection could reduce pollution load Good-housekeeping was especially recommended such as repairing all leakage, keeping taps closed when they are not in use and cleaning rolls in paper machines TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE Title Page Acknowledgment Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Illustration I i ii iii iv v vi vii INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1.2 Objective 1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study II 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General Production Process of Pulp and Paper Industry 2.2 Source of Water Pollution and Its Characteristic 10 2.3 Environmental Problem from Pulping Processes 11 2.4 Raw Material for Pulping 12 2.5 Cleaner Production for Small Pulp and Paper Mills 15 2.6 An Overview of the Pulp and Paper Industry in Vietnam and Related Environmental Issues 16 2.7 Bench Marks in Pulp and Paper Industry 17 III BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE RESEARCH SITE 3.1 General Information 3.2 Production Processing 3.3 Existing Water Supplied 3.4 Existing Wastewater System 3.5 Existing Fiber Recovery Unit 3.6 Working Environment and Environmental Issues of the Mill 3.7 Energy Consumption IV 19 19 22 22 26 26 26 METHODOLOGY 4.1 Study Program 4.2 Data Collection 4.3 Inplant Monitoring 4.4 Material Balance and Energy Balance 30 30 30 30 4.5 Water Balance 4.5.1 Water Supplied Measurement 4.5.2 Wastewater Measurement 4.5.3 Sampling 4.5.4 Water and Wastewater Characterization 30 30 31 32 33 4.6 Fiber Recovery Unit Study 4.7 Physical Agents in Working Environment 4.7.1 Noise Measurement 4.7.2 Particulate Matter V 33 33 36 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 5.1 Bench Mark of Pulp and Paper Mill 5.1.1 Raw Water Used in the Pulp and Paper Mill 5.1.2 Wastewater from Production Process 5.1.3 Energy Consumption of the Mill 38 38 39 40 5.2 Waste Auditing of Pulp and Paper Mill 5.2.1 Unit Operation of the Mill 5.2.2 Water Consumption 5.2.3 Accounting for Total Wastewater 5.2.4 Evaluating Material Balance 5.2.5 Summary 40 40 42 44 48 52 5.3 Energy Auditing of the Mill 5.3.1 Energy Consumption 5.3.2 Summary 53 53 54 5.4 Fiber Recovery Unit Study 5.4.1 Wastewater Quality and Fiber Recovery Efficiency 54 5.4.2 Determination of Settleable Solid of the Effluent 55 54 5.5 Noise and Air Pollution in the Work Environment 5.5.1 Noise 5.5.2 Particulate Matter 56 57 55 5.6 Identification for Cleaner Production Oppotunities 5.6.1 Causes of Waste Generation 5.6.2 Cleaner Production Oppotunities 58 58 59 5.7 Options of Cleaner Production Opportunities 60 IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Water and Energy of the Mill 6.2 Noise and Air Pollution in the Mill 6.3 Recommendation on Cleaner Production Opportunities REFERENCES APPENDICES 64 65 65 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 20 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 31 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 TITLE PAGE Simplified Diagram of Pulp and Paper Process Flowchart of Mechanical Pulping Process Sulphite Pulping Process Semichemical Pulping Process Cleaner Production Techniques Location of the Van Diem Paper Mill 15 Layout of the Van Diem Paper Mill Simplified Diagram of Pulp and Paper Production of the Mill Pulp Production Diagram of the Mill Paper Production Diagram of the Mill Water Supplied System of the Mill Wastewater Drainage System of the Mill Steam Distribution System of the Mill General Methodology Outline 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 Flowrate Measurement Equipment Wastewater Sampling Points and Wastewater Flow Measurement Points Raw Water Sampling Points and Water Supplied Flow Measurement Points Settleable Solid Measurement Using Imhoff Cone Sound Level Meter Used for Noise Measurement 32 33 34 37 37 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 4.1 TITLE PAGE Typical Analytical results for Pulp and Paper Mill Waste Chemical Composition and Fiber Dimension of Agricultural Residue-based and Wood Based Raw Material Wash Filter Loading and Dewatering Properties of Various Sulphate and Soda Pulp Bench Marks for Pulp and Paper Production Wastewater Pollution Load in Agricultural Residue-based Mill Analytical Parameters, Locations and Methods Used during the Study 10 13 14 17 18 35 ix ABBREVIATION BL BOD COD Cond CP I kg/ton L L/s Lpm P PM RM S SS SS70 Temp TS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Black Liquor Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Conductivity Cleaner Production Investment Costs kg/ton of product Litre Litre per second Litre per minute Pay Back Period Paper Machine Raw Material Preparation Saving Money Suspended Solid Suspended Solid (filter 70 µm) Temperature Total Solid CHAPTER INTRODUCTION General Paper is becoming an essential commodity of today’s society The pulp and paper industry has been growing with demand of paper The capita consumption has also been steadily increasing over the world The pulp and paper industry is considered as one of the major potential sources of pollution in the environment There are two segments, pulping and paper making in the manufacturing process Pulping is the major source of environmental pollution Black liquor from chemical pulping processes is the most significant and troublesome source of pollution Effluent from these pulping processes contains chemicals which are known to cause damage to the flora and fauna Also, bottom deposits of lignin cellulose material near the point of discharge undergoes slow decomposition that leads to depletion of dissolved oxygen in the receiving body The raw materials for pulp production are those containing cellulose fibers They are divided into two main types: wood and non-wood materials Environmental problems on a global scale of deforestation is occurring Therefore, using non-wood fiber material for paper production is encouraging Although non-wood fibrous raw material based account for only about 5% of the raw material for pulp and paper manufacture today it is one of the major sources of fibrous raw material for many developing countries (GIERTZ, 1993) Agricultural residues are the most important raw materials of nonwood group that were used in agriculture countries In developing countries, the small scale mills are more popular than large ones Small scale mills usually cause high level of environmental pollution because of outdated technologies, poor operational and maintenance practices and others On the other hand agricultural residues are especially suitable for small scale mills as their raw materials However, using agricultural residues satisfies in terms of reducing the burden on forest wood, it has its adverse environmental impacts in term of pollutant discharge Pulp and paper production is an important contributor to the economy of many nations In Vietnam, the industry accounted for 1.8 per cent of the output value of the manufacturing sectors Despite its increase in production capacity, it has not met the domestic consumption demand The utilization of sugar cane bagasse as raw material for the pulp and paper industry needs some attention in sugar cane producing countries such as Vienam It contributes to reducing deforestation as well as using by-product from the sugar industry However, small paper mills using sugar cane bagasse as raw material have caused environmental pollution at high levels Table B12 Water Consumption for Cleaning Beater Date 16/3/96 17/3/96 3/4/96 4/4/96 5/4/96 10/4/96 Working time (s) 129 183 96 101 89 115 Average Water Consumption (m3) 0.285 0.404 0.212 0.223 0.197 0.254 0.263 The flowrate is 2.21 L/s (measured by using 8L bucket and stop watch) Beater is cleaned once per day Water consumption (for 10 beater) is 2.6 m3/day Table B-13 Water Consumption for Floor Washing Date Working time (s) Flowrate (L/s) 18/3/96 19/3/96 20/3/96 3/4/96 5/4/96 6/4/96 165 177 184 199 139 143 3.51 2.58 3.01 3.61 2.96 2.77 Average Water consumption (m3) 0.579 0.456 0.553 0.718 0.411 0.396 0.519 Normally, floor cleaning at pulp mill section and paper mill once per shift (3 shifts per day) Water consumption for floor cleaning is 3.1 m3/day Table B-14 The Leaking Water Water at Various Points Location Washing tank Washing tank Washing tank Washing tank Washing tank Washing tank Flowrate (L/min) 1.91 0.62 1.35 1.24 1.07 0.72 Total Water leaking/overflow (m3/day) 2.29 0.74 1.62 1.49 1.28 0.86 8.28 0.60 0.81 0.90 0.72 0.38 0.53 0.37 1.01 0.55 0.98 0.72 0.97 1.08 0.86 0.46 0.64 0.44 1.21 0.66 1.18 Total Beating tank1 Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank Beating tank 8.22 The amount of water overflow from the malfunction tap at the digestor house is 169.2 m3 This figure was obtained by measuring flowrate of the tap (2.25 L/s) and calculated for duration of water pumping is 20 hours In addition leaking and over flow water at paper machine and other water taps in the mill was estimated with the amount 10m3/day The total amount of leaking and overflow water is 195.7 m3/day Table B-15 The Flowrate of Wastewater Discharging from a Digestor Date No 18/3/96 6 19/3/96 Vol of Wastewater (L) 8 8 8 8 8 8 Average Duration (s) 8.1 8.0 7.6 7.8 8.2 8.0 7.6 7.7 8.3 8.2 7.9 8.1 Flowrate (L/s) 0.99 1.00 1.05 1.03 0.98 1.00 1.05 1.04 0.96 0.98 1.01 0.99 1.01 The average discharging time is 21 minute/digestor (or batch) Wastewater generated per digestor = 1.15 m3/batch Wastewater generated per day (16 batch of cooking) = 22.1 m3/day Table B-16 The Flowrate of Wastewater Discharge from Washing Unit Operation Date No 18/3/96 6 19/3/96 Vol of Wastewater (L) 8 8 8 8 8 8 Average The average discharging time is 110 minutes/batch Duration (s) 4.1 4.0 3.7 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.9 4.4 Flowrate (L/s) 1.95 2.00 2.16 1.90 1.95 2.05 2.10 1.95 2.16 2.22 2.05 1.82 2.03 Wastewater generated per batch = 13.4 m3/batch Wastewater generated per day (16 batchs) = 214.4 m3/day Table B-17 The Flowrate of Wastewater Discharge from Beating Unit Operation Date No 2/4/96 6 3/4/96 Vol of Wastewater (L) 8 8 8 8 8 8 Average Duration (s) 3.5 4.0 3.8 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.6 Flowrate (L/s) 2.29 2.00 2.11 1.51 1.95 1.86 2.16 2.00 1.90 1.90 2.05 2.22 2.00 The average discharging time is 56 minutes/batch Wastewater generated from a batch of beating = 6.72 m3/batch Wastewater generated per day (57 batchs) = 383 m3/day Table B-18 The Wastewater Discharging from PM The flowrate was calculated from the velocity of flow as measured with a velocity indicating instrument (propeller) and refer calibration curve Figure B-2 Appendix B -Cross section of the flow is 34x40 cm -Velocity of propeller No Velocity 20 10 23 33 13 29 Average 21.3 -From velocity of propeller and the calibration curve (vl:1 24327 line) it was found velocity of the flow to be 7.5 cm/s Therefore flowrate F= 7.5x34x40=10.2 L/sec -The velocity of PM1 is 0.095 Kg/sec -Therefore, the wastewater from PM1 per ton of product is 10.2x1000/0.095=107.4m3 /ton -Wastewater discharge from PM1and PM2 (produce 8.5 tons of product per day) is 912.9 m3/day Table B-19 The Wastewater Discharging from PM The flowrate was calculated from the velocity of flow as measured with a velocity indicating instrument (propeller) and refer calibration curve Figure B-2 Appendix B -Cross section of the flow is 37x30 cm -Velocity of propeller No Average Velocity 39 12 25 29 10 36 25.2 -From velocity of propeller and the calibration curve (vl:1 24327 line) it was found velocity of the flow to be cm/s Therefore flowrate F= 8x37x30=8.88 L/sec -The velocity of PM3 is 0.084 Kg/sec -Therefore, the wastewater from PM3 per ton of product is 8.88x1000/0.084=104.76m3 /ton -The wastewater discharging from PM (produce 0.7 tons of product per day) is 73.33m3/day Table B-20 Flowrate of Wastewater Discharge Point before Fiber Recovery Unit -The flowrate was calculated from the velocity of flow as measured with a velocity indicating instrument (propeller) and refer calibration curve Figure B-2 Appendix B -Average cross section of the flow is 34x25 cm -Velocity of propeller (vi) then refer calibration curve getting velocity of flow(vf) No 10 11 12 Time (25/4/96) 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 vi 14 35 28 29 17 25 26 43 28 36 20 33 Average vf (cm/s) 12 30 24 25 15 22 23 36 24 32 18 28 24.1 -The flowrate of the wastewater is 24.1x34x25=20485cm3/s=20.5 L/s -The flow of the wastewater per day is 1771.2 m3/day Table B-21 Flow rate of wastewater discharging at sump on 2/4/96 Time 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 Average Flowrate at Line1 (L/s) 0.18 3.11 0.10 1.88 2.34 2.98 1.13 0.71 1.44 2.89 0.32 1.87 1.58 Flowrate at Line2 (L/s) 12.65 27.13 18.05 18.41 22.40 28.51 24.57 17.0 11.73 22.08 22.03 18.21 20.23 Total Flowrate at sump(L/s) 12.83 30.24 18.38 20.29 24.74 31.49 25.70 17.71 13.17 24.97 22.35 20.08 21.81 Note: flowrate of the wastewater was measured by using bucket with volume of 20 L and stop watch Table B-22 Flowrate of Wastewater Discharging at Sump on 7/4/96 Time 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 Average Flowrate at Line1 (L/s) 2.21 3.43 1.1 0.82 0.73 2.30 3.12 2.60 1.22 0.60 0.43 0.37 1.58 Flowrate at Line2 (L/s) 12.12 34.97 27.9 22.95 20.52 23.24 25.25 19.52 17.89 27.19 21.48 15.29 22.36 Total at sump 14.33 38.40 29.00 23.77 21.25 25.54 28.37 22.12 19.11 27.79 21.91 15.66 23.94 Note: flowrate of the wastewater was measured by using bucket with volume of 20 L and stop watch Table B-23 Flowrate of Wastewater Discharging at Sump on 12/4/96 Time Flowrate at Line1 Flowrate at Line2 Total at sump (L/s) (L/s) 15.47 2.32 13.15 8:00 21.11 20.81 0.30 10:00 17.15 18.39 12:00 1.24 3.57 13.70 17.27 14:00 0.16 17.82 17.98 16:00 1.62 14.26 15.88 18:00 20:00 1.91 22.88 24.79 22:00 0.43 21.49 21.92 19.12 24:00 1.02 18.10 26.64 27.14 2:00 0.50 20.61 17.91 4:00 2.70 15.12 0.66 14.46 6:00 Average 1.37 18.15 19.52 Note: flowrate of the wastewater was measured by using bucket with volume of 20 L and stop watch The average flowrate at sump was: (21.83+22.85+19.57)/3= 21.42L/s The flow of wastewater at sump per day (24 hours) was 1850.6 m3/day Table 33 Monthly Energy Consumption for the 1995 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Electricity (MWh) 238.75 240.66 227.00 199.46 201.40 210.78 189.97 250.45 196.88 215.32 204.12 206.00 215.06 Coal (ton) 432.40 451.32 400.34 486.89 435.78 444.45 396.71 421.31 354.66 481.42 412.37 479.98 433.13 Table B34- Average Electricity Load at Different Sections of the Mill Section Material Preparation: Depithing Cooking Beating PM1 PM2 PM3 Utilities for boiler Water supply pumping Wastewater pumping Utilities section of the mill Lighting Total Load (kW) 67.2 73.6 333.2 112.5 90.2 75.2 14.1 96 24 12.84 16 914.84 PM 1: Paper Machine1 producing carton PM 2: Paper Machine producing carton PM 3: Paper Machine producing note-book cover Utilities section for the mill including maintenance workshops (saw, drilling machine ) Table B-35 Sound Pressure Level (dBA) at Various Measured by Sound Pressure Level Meter No 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Working Area Cutting Cutting Cutting Paper Machine1 Paper Machine Paper Machine Beater Beater Beater Beater Beater Beater Beater Beater Beater Beater 10 Digestor1 Digestor2 Digestor3 Digestor4 Digestor5 Digestor6 Depithing House Steam Boiler 10/3/96 90-92 89-91 87-90 85-87 83-86 83-86 85-88 85-86 83-84 84-85 82-86 83-86 85-87 84-86 85-89 88-89 78-80 76-78 76-77 79-80 78-80 80-81 94-96 90-92 Sound Pressure Level (dBA) 15/4/96 89-92 88-90 87-92 84-86 82-86 84-87 87-89 84-88 84-86 85-87 83-84 82-85 84-86 85-89 84-87 87-90 79-80 77-78 75-77 80-82 78-79 78-80 91-93 91-92 Max 92 91 92 87 86 87 89 88 86 87 86 86 87 89 89 90 80 78 77 82 80 81 96 92 Table B-24 Characteristic of Wastewater Discharging from Digestor Date pH Temp 27/01/96 16/03/96 3/04/96 5/04/96 2/05/96 Average 11.86 12.2 12.4 11.9 12.5 12.17 61.3 65.2 70.3 63.5 64.0 64.9 Cond (s/m) 1.71 1.68 1.75 1.58 1.70 1.68 Turb (mg/L) 2252 2853 3252 1001 2560 2383.6 BOD (mg/L) 3040.2 4887.4 4785.4 3120 3550.4 3876.6 COD (g/L) SS (g/L) TS (g/L) 23.29 28.13 27.36 21.30 21.66 24.35 2.89 2.20 1.71 1.60 2.02 2.08 11.25 10.95 10.29 9.78 10.70 10.59 Sampling point No1 (see Figure 4.3) Table B-25 Characteristic of Wastewater Discharging from Washing Operation Date pH Temp 6/03/96 15/03/96 3/04/96 5/04/96 10/05/96 Average 9.91 10.27 10.15 10.47 10.1 10.18 24.4 25.0 26.5 28.4 29 26.7 Cond (s/m) 0.31 0.42 0.39 0.29 0.28 0.34 Turb (mg/L) 1020 1100 1456 1255 980 1162.2 Note: sampling point No1 when pulp washing is done BOD (mg/L) 780.1 845.6 860.6 736.0 702.0 784.9 COD (g/L) 9.96 11.85 11.96 10.12 10.67 10.91 SS (g/L) TS (g/L) 2.69 3.27 3.48 2.95 3.03 3.08 6.31 7.02 7.14 6.43 6.77 6.73 SS70 (g/L) 2.19 2.78 3.07 2.14 2.71 2.58 Table B-26 Characteristic of Wastewater Discharging from Beating Operation Date pH Temp Cond (s/m) Turb (mg/L) 6/03/96 15/03/96 4/04/96 19/04/96 22/04/96 Average 8.51 8.01 8.13 8.04 8.43 8.22 21.9 22.0 23.5 22.7 24.0 22.8 0.11 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.17 1243 927 1050 998 1001 1043.8 BOD (mg/L) 903.4 779.5 820.0 810.0 897.0 842.0 COD (g/L) SS (g/L) TS (g/L) SS70 (g/L) 10.00 10.50 11.69 11.35 11.63 11.43 4.96 3.67 3.95 3.80 3.92 4.06 8.23 6.40 6.85 6.50 7.49 7.09 2.84 2.57 2.74 1.99 2.21 2.47 Note: Sampling point No2 Table B-27 Characteristic of Wastewater Discharging from Paper Machine Date 6/03/96 15/03/96 4/04/96 5/04/96 22/4/96 Average pH 7.13 7.43 7.51 7.32 7.28 7.33 Temp 20.0 21.5 23.0 22.5 23.8 22.16 Note: Sampling point No3 Cond (s/m) 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.06 Turb (mg/L) 100.2 112.3 115.0 99.6 105.0 106.42 COD (g/L) 1.49 2.42 1.84 2.10 1.54 1.88 SS (g/L) 1.30 2.12 1.54 2.12 1.33 1.68 TS (g/L) 2.23 3.25 2.66 2.89 1.44 2.49 SS70 (g/L) 1.12 1.97 1.33 2.09 1.18 1.54 Table B-28 Characteristic of Wastewater Discharging from Paper Machine Date 15/03/96 4/04/96 6/04/96 18/04/96 22/4/96 Average pH 7.22 7.40 7.36 7.31 7.29 7.31 Temp 20.1 21.5 22.9 22.6 24.0 22.2 Cond (s/m) 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.064 Turb (mg/L) 98.7 128.3 129.5 101.0 100.9 111.68 COD (g/L) 1.77 1.70 2.13 2.07 1.84 1.90 SS (g/L) 1.86 1.45 2.00 1.87 1.40 1.72 TS (g/L) 4.01 3.21 3.78 3.92 3.15 3.61 SS70 (g/L) 1.45 0.97 1.36 1.52 1.02 1.26 SS (g/L) 1.53 2.47 2.42 2.43 1.97 2.10 TS (g/L) 5.21 5.84 5.58 6.35 5.67 5.73 Note: Sampling point No4 Table B-29 Characteristic of Wastewater at Sump Date 15/03/96 16/04/96 6/04/96 8/04/96 18/4/96 Average pH 7.55 7.30 7.42 7.41 7.38 7.41 Temp 21.8 22.0 23.5 24.0 25.0 23.3 Note: Sampling point No8 Cond (s/m) 0.24 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.24 Turb (mg/L) 1272.1 1644.3 1512.4 1327.5 1172.8 1385.8 BOD (mg/L) COD (g/L) 569.0 4.12 658.5 5.13 612.4 4.91 540.0 5.08 497.3 4.94 575.4 4.84 SS70 (g/L) 1.54 1.87 1.79 1.85 1.65 1.74 Table B-30 Characteristic of Wastewater inlet Fiber Recovery Unit Date 16/03/96 2/04/96 6/04/96 8/04/96 22/4/96 Average pH 8.72 8.81 8.85 8.56 8.62 8.71 Temp 22.1 22.3 23.0 23.8 25.7 23.4 Cond (s/m) 0.42 0.53 0.44 0.39 0.31 0.42 Turb (mg/L) 774.1 798.0 783.0 692.3 688.7 747.2 BOD (mg/L) COD (g/L) 994.0 4.44 1025.5 4.85 1000.0 4.37 952.8 3.95 935.0 3.87 981.2 4.30 SS (g/L) 2.35 2.71 2.28 2.14 2.30 2.34 TS (g/L) 4.87 5.02 4.95 4.64 4.55 4.81 SS70 (g/L) 1.40 1.58 1.28 1.42 1.33 1.40 TS (g/L) 3.98 4.21 3.78 3.83 3.47 3.85 SS70 (g/L) 1.05 1.13 0.84 0.90 0.93 0.97 Note: sampling point No5 Table B-31 Characteristic of Wastewater outlet Fiber Recovery Unit Date 16/03/96 2/04/96 6/04/96 8/04/96 22/4/96 Average pH 10.12 10.00 10.21 9.92 9.98 10.05 Temp 21.9 22.1 23.4 24.2 24.9 23.3 Note: Sampling point No6 Cond (s/m) 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.12 Turb (mg/L) 425.7 399.0 430.6 373.7 364.6 398.7 BOD (mg/L) COD (g/L) 858.6 3.83 712.0 3.18 785.5 2.97 758.0 3.15 745.4 3.08 771.9 3.24 SS (g/L) 1.77 2.15 1.65 1.60 1.52 1.74 Table B-32 Characteristic of Wastewater Discharging at Point before Sump (Line 1) Date 16/03/96 2/04/96 6/04/96 8/04/96 22/4/96 Average pH 10.01 10.42 9.89 10.11 10.19 10.12 Temp 21.7 22.5 24.0 24.2 25.6 23.6 Note: Sampling point No7 Cond (s/m) 0.31 0.28 0.36 0.26 0.28 0.30 Turb (mg/L) 305.0 296.8 320.0 273.5 284.6 295.9 BOD (mg/L) COD (g/L) 1383.0 11.92 1202.8 10.86 1400.4 10.40 1210.5 10.75 1214.0 10.91 1282.1 10.85 SS (g/L) 2.22 2.13 2.25 2.07 2.18 2.17 TS (g/L) 2.74 2.72 2.37 2.31 2.59 2.59 SS70 (g/L) 1.73 1.63 1.74 1.62 1.70 1.69 Table D-3 Using Black Liquor as Construction Material Additives Alternative Condensating 1m3 of black liquor consumes 3-5 tons of steam Production tons of steam consumes 0.8 tons of coal Investment Man Power: 120,000 D/m3 Power Cost: 7,000 D/m3 (Pump, Light, Fan ) Coal 216,000 D/m3 Mislenous : 50,000 D/m3 Total production cost: 393,000 D/m Equipment and Installation Cost - Steam boile 300,000,000 - Storage tank: 100,000,000 - Condensate system 200,000,000 - Design and installation cost: 200,000,000 - Recovery pipeline system : 100,000,000 Total of construction cost :1,180,000,000 Profit 400 m3 BL/month Condensate BL sell:700,000D/m3 Turnover : 700,000*400=280,000,000 Profit : (700,000-393,000)* 400 ... this washing stage ligninand remaining chemicals are removed The depithed pulp is transported to the storage tank then pumped to a beater Waste paper and water are added into beater Here pulp and. .. Water supply for the paper machines including washing wire and washing blanket was measured Then the water consumption for paper machine was calculated from flow rate, paper machine velocity and. .. The pulp and paper industry has been growing with demand of paper The capita consumption has also been steadily increasing over the world The pulp and paper industry is considered as one of the