WHOLE AND PROCESSED COTTONSEED WITH ADDED FIBER ON RUMEN VARIABLES, MILK PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION by BENJAMIN FINIS SULLIVAN, B.S. A THESIS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved August, 1984 / V // • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep appreciation to Professor C. Reed Richardson for his guidance and support of this thesis and to the members of my committee. Professors Mark Hellman, Max Miller and John Anderson, for their suggestions and advice. I would also like to dedicate this thesis to my wife, Karita, whose love, support and sacrifice allowed me to pursue this endeavor and to whom I will always be grateful. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Effects of Whole Cottonseed 3 Effects of Added Dietary Fat 8 Cottonseed Meal 16 III. EFFICACY OF WHOLE AND PROCESSED COTTONSEED ON DIGESTIBILITY, RUMEN VARIABLES AND THE PRODUCTION OF MILK AND ITS COMPONENTS 20 Summary 20 Introduction 21 Materials and Methods 22 Results and Discussion 29 LITERATURE CITED 40 111 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Composition of Diets—Exp. 1 23 2. Nutrient Composition of Feed Ingredients—Exp. 1 24 3. Composition of Diets—Exp. 2 26 4. Nutrient Composition of Feed Ingredients—Exp. 2 27 5. Composition of Seed Pellets 28 6. Milk and Butterfat Production of All Cows—Exp. 1 30 7. Milk and Butterfat Production of Cows Supplying Data to All Three Periods—Exp. 1 30 8. Milk and Butterfat Production of Cows in First Lactation—Exp. 1 31 9. Dry Matter Intake of Hay, Total Diets and Digestible Energy—Exp. 1 32 10. Milk Production and Composition, Average Weight Gain, Dry Matter Intake and Feed Efficiency—Exp. 2 34 11. Apparent Digestibilities, Rumen VFA and pH—Exp. 2 35 12. Mean Fatty Acid Composition of Milk Fat—Exp. 2 37 IV CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Cotton is one of the world's most important agricultural, nonfood commodities accounting for more than 49.5% of the total fiber production (natural and man-made) in 1980 (1982 World Almanac). Gossypium hirustum (produces medium-staple fibers) is one of the two most economically important species of cotton cultivated in the United States. In west Texas G. hirustimi has been used as a dry-land crop in areas where reduced water tables and(or) high fuel costs have prevented economical irrigation. Upon harvesting, cotton must be processed through a cotton gin to separate the cotton fibers from the seed, leaves, stems and dirt. Whole cottonseed (WCS), as it comes from the gin, may be processed further to produce a number of eonomically important products. Cot- tonseed oil, extracted from the seed by either solvent or mechanical processing, is used in several food products including margarine, shortening, cooking and salad oils. The two remaining products after oil extraction, cottonseed meal (CSM),. and hulls (CSH), are used as protein and fiber sources, respectively, in ruminant feeds. Linters, the short cellulosic fibers adhering to the seed after ginning, can be removed by treating the seed with acid to produce delinted cotton- seed (DLCS), used for planting. The linters are used as mattress and upholstery stuffing, in the production of coarse cotton yarns and upon purification, linters form the base for cellulose deriva- tives for the manufacture of explosives, paints, plastics and film. Whole cottonseed, without further processing, is fed by many dairymen throughout the Southwest as a source of protein, fat, fiber and phosphorous. Economic pressures and the benefit in production many dairymen associate with WCS feeding has created a renewed inter- est in the feeding value of whole cottonseed. However, problems of freight cost, handling, and storage associated with WCS, because of its bulky, fibrous nature, could be alleviated by pelleting if the cost of production and(or) effects on livestock production do not prohibit its use. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW Effects of Whole Cottonseed Milk Components The effects of feeding WCS on the production of milk and its components have been quite variable. In a recent study by Anderson et _al. (1984) cows were fed rations containing 10% WCS, 5% extruded soybean (ESB), or 12% whole sunflower seed (WSS), dry matter (DM) basis. Cows receiving WCS produced more (P<.05) milk, 4% fat-cor- rected milk (FCM) and protein than cows fed whole sunflower seed. Milk fat percent and fat production were higher (P<.05) for the WCS diet compared to the ESB or WSS diets. But when WCS was fed at 18.5%, DM basis, replacing an isonitrogenous amount of a corn silage based ration, milk production, percentages of milk fat and protein were unaffected (Hawkins et al., 1982). In a fifteen week experiment (Hansen, 1980) Holstein cows received rations with 7% ESB or WCS fed at 15% or 30%. The WCS treatments increased percent milk fat, but decreased milk production, percent solids-not-fat, (SNF) and protein. A related study (Hansen, 1980) involving 55 commercial dairy herds fed various levels of WCS resulted in no difference in fat, protein or SNF content of the milk. Anderson e^ aJ^. (1979) fed WCS in two experiments. In the first experiment, when WCS replaced 1.9 kg of the concentrate in an alfalfa hay (ad libitum), corn silage and concentrate diet, cows fed WCS produced more (P<.05) milk, fat, FCM and SNF than controls. There 3 were no differences (P>.05) in the percentages of SNF or fat, but percent protein was lower (P<.05) for the WCS diet. In experiment two diets were: (1) control; (2) 20% replacement of concentrate with WCS; and (3) control diet but isocaloric to diet two. Corn silage was fed at 9.1 kg/hd/d and alfalfa ad libitum. There were no differences (P>.05) in FCM production or percent composition of milk fat or protein among treatments. Cows on rations two and three produced more (P<.05) milk and SNF than controls and had a higher percentage of SNF in their milk. In three experiments conducted in Hawaii (Stanley ^ aJ^., 1969), where restricted fiber intake and a warm climate appear to affect low solids and fat content in milk, five pounds of WCS replaced six pounds of concentrate in isocaloric diets. Cows fed WCS in the three experiments had higher (P<.05) fat production and percent composition of fat than controls. In the third, conducted at a commercial dairy, lower (P<.05) milk yields occurred in cows on the WCS diet. Moody (1968) replaced part of a control diet with 2.27 kg WCS, 1.13 kg CSM, acidulated soap-stock from cottonseed replacing 4% milo in the concentrate, 5% CSH, or acidulated soap-stock and .5% cotton- seed hulls. There were no differences in milk yield, SNF or protein due to treatment. Percent fat was highest for the WCS diet followed by the CSM diet. When WCS replaced a CSM and corn mixture in the concentrate on an equal weight basis, cows produced more milk (P<.05), FCM (P<.01) and percent fat (P<.01) (Ramsey and Miles, 1953). The replacement of two lb of a barley, wheat bran and CSM control ration by two lb of WCS resulted in an average decrease of .12 lb milk, .06% serum solids and an increase of .21% fat (Davis and Harland, 1946). When two lb of WCS replaced 2 lb of CSM in a basal ration, cows fed CSM produced, on the average, more milk and fat than cows on whole cottonseed (Lush and Gelpi, 1932). Moody and Barnes (1966) studied the effects of WCS and crude cottonseed oil against a control while varying alfalfa hay levels at either 1.25 kg/100 lb body weight or 2 kg/100 lb body weight. There were no significant differences in milk production, SNF or protein among treatments. Cows fed WCS and alfalfa hay at either rate produced significantly more milk fat. In limited fiber rations (Moody and Cook, 1961), alfalfa hay was fed at one lb/100 lb body wt, 1.5 lb/100 lb body wt, or ad libitum. Whole cottonseed was fed at 22% of a grain concentrate. Cows fed hay at one lb/100 lb body wt had significantly higher percent fat and FCM production than cows on the other rations. Feed Consumption, Digestibilities, and Weight Gain Dry matter intake of cows fed WCS at 1.9 kg/hd/d (Anderson ^ aJ^. , 1979) was higher (P<.05) than of cows fed a control diet in experiment one. Results of DM or digestible energy intake were not different (P>.05) in experiment two. A lack of significant dif- ference in DM intake is in agreement with Smith et^ a^. (1981) and Hawkins et_ jl. (1982). Dry matter intakes of cows receiving 10% WCS were lower (P<.05) than cows offered 5% ESB, but higher (P<.05) than cows fed 12% whole sunflower seed (Anderson et jl., 1984). Cows fed WCS to replace CSM in rations where Johnson or Sudan grass hay and sorghum silage were offered ad libitum consumed less (P<.05) silage but more (P>.05) hay (Ramsey and Miles, 1953). These results are in agreement with Lush and Gelpi (1932). Hawkins et al. (1982) reported less (P<.10) total feed consumption of a corn silage based ration with WCS fed at 18.5%. Substitution of WCS in a basal diet increased (P<.05) digesti- bilities of nitrogen (N), energy and ether extract (EE) (Smith et^ al., 1981), but did not produce significant effects in digestibility of DM (Smith et^ al., 1981 and Anderson et^ al^., 1984) or crude and acid-detergent fiber (ADF) nor on net Ca, P, or Mg absorption (Smith et al., 1981). Keele and Roffer (1982) reported no effect on total organic matter (OM) digestibility, increased apparent ruminal and total digestibility of N and decreased apparent OM digestibility. Changes in body weight gains reported by several workers were not significantly affected by WCS feeding (Ramsey and Miles, 1953; Moody and Barnes, 1966; Moody, 1968; Anderson et_ al^. , 1979; Hawkins e^ al., 1982). Weight changes reported by Anderson ^ al. (1984) were not different (P>.05) but there were tendencies towards greater weight gain in cows fed ESB or whole sunflower seed. Body weight gains were significantly lower in cows fed WCS and offered hay ad libitum compared to cows receiving hay at restricted levels (Moody and Cook, 1961). Volatile Fatty Acids And Free Fatty Acids The three major rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetic, pro- pionic, and butyric, were not altered (P>.05) in cows fed WCS com- [...]...pared to a control and energy equivalent ration Whole cottonseed feeding, however, did result in tendencies toward higher acetic and lower propionic acid concentrations (Anderson et al., 1979) Moody and Barnes (1966) reported nonsignificant increases in total VFA on high roughage rations and higher acetic:propionic ratios from cows fed WCS vs cottonseed oil and control diets Whole cottonseed fed at... decreased milk production and abortions Lindsey et^ £l^ (1980) found no effect on milk production, percent fat or TS in cows fed either SPCSM or Sol CSM compared to soybean meal CHAPTER III EFFICACY OF WHOLE AND PROCESSED COTTONSEED ON DIGESTIBILITY, RUMEN VARIABLES AND THE PRODUCTION OF MILK AND ITS COMPONENTS Summary Four, first lactation, Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square design, lactation... handling and storage of whole cottonseed The purpose of this study is to better determine the relative feeding value of WCS and the efficacy of feeding pelleted cottonseed (PCS) or pelleted delinted cottonseed (PDLCS) on milk production, composition and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and pH Materials and Methods Exp 1 Initially, 44 Holstein and 15 Jersey cows, blocked by breed, previous production, ... its high energy density, may be added to dairy rations in attempts to better balance rations for high producing cows, restricted in energy and( or) fiber Research has been con- ducted in recent years to determine more extensively the effects additional dietary fat have on the production and composition of milk Milk Yields and Milk Components The use of a concentrate containing 5% unprotected fat to... concentrations (Mattos and Palmquist, 1974; Palmquist and Conrad, 1978; Seiner and Shultz, 1981) and increased propionate (Palmquist and Conrad, 1978; Seiner and Shultz, 1981) This does not agree with Brown et al (1962) who, although he reported a depression in acetate levels (P>.05) associated with tallow and cottonseed oil feeding, found increases in valerate and higher acids for tallow (P>.05) and. .. PCS, CSM and PDLCS diets, respectively A production study was conducted utilizing 83 lactating Holstein and Jersey cows to determine the effects of feeding WCS, PCS and CSM on milk production, BF and alfalfa hay consumption Animals were allotted to a 3 X 3 Latin square design according to breed, stage of lactation and number of previous lactations 20 Diets 21 were formulated to be isonitrogenous with treatments... (FCM) (Ramsey and Miles, 1953; Anderson ^ al., 1984), fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) (Anderson et al., 1979) and protein (Anderson et al., 1984) Hawkins et al (1982) reported no effect on milk production or percent milk fat and protein when WCS, fed 18.5% dry matter (DM) basis, replaced an isonitrogenous amount of a basal ration In a study reported by Hansen (1980), cows fed WCS produced less milk and decreased... fat to increase DM EE from 3.2% to 8.3% resulted in increased (P . WHOLE AND PROCESSED COTTONSEED WITH ADDED FIBER ON RUMEN VARIABLES, MILK PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION by BENJAMIN FINIS SULLIVAN,. Effects of Whole Cottonseed 3 Effects of Added Dietary Fat 8 Cottonseed Meal 16 III. EFFICACY OF WHOLE AND PROCESSED COTTONSEED ON DIGESTIBILITY, RUMEN