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Biographies
American
Revolution
AmRev-Bio.V2tpgs 9/29/03 3:45 PM Page 1
Biographies
Linda Schmittroth
and
Mary Kay Rosteck
Stacy A. McConnell, Editor
American
Revolution
Volume 2: K–Z
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Linda Schmittroth and Mary Kay Rosteck
Staff
Stacy McConnell, U•X•L Editor
Judy Galens, U•X•L Contributing Editor
Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor
Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher
Margaret Chamberlain, Permissions Specialist (Pictures)
Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer
Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager
Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager
Tracey Rowens, Senior Art Director
LM Design, Typesetting
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schmittroth, Linda
American Revolution : biographies / Linda Schmittroth and Mary Kay
Rosteck ; edited by Stacy McConnell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: Profiles sixty men and women who were key players on the
British or American side of the American Revolution.
ISBN 0-7876-3792-0 (set) — ISBN 0-7876-3793-9 (v. 1). — ISBN 0-7876-
3794-7 (v. 2)
1. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Biography—Juvenile
literature. [1. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Biography.]
I. Rosteck, Mary Kay. II. McConnell, Stacy A. III. Title.
E206 .S36 2000
973.3’092’2—dc21 99-046941
CIP
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copy-
right laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition,
and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added
value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the
following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression,
arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this pub-
lication will be vigorously defended.
Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part
in any form.
Front cover photographs (top to bottom): Crispus Attucks reproduced
courtesy of the Library of Congress; Patrick Henry reproduced courtesy of
the Library of Congress.
Back cover photograph: Mount Vernon reproduced by permission of the
Detroit Photographic Company.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
American Revolution: Biographies
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Advisory Board ix
Reader’s Guide xi
Timeline xiii
Words to Know xxiii
Volume 1: A-J
Abigail Adams 1
John Adams 9
Samuel Adams 20
Ethan Allen 31
Benedict Arnold 38
Black Freedom Fighters 46
Joseph Brant 54
Mary “Molly” Brant 63
John Burgoyne 71
Edmund Burke 81
Margaret Cochran Corbin 90
v
Contents
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Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur 97
John Dickinson 105
Benjamin Franklin 114
Deborah Read Franklin 125
Elizabeth Freeman 131
Thomas Gage 138
Bernardo de Gálvez 147
George III 155
Simon Girty 164
Mary Katherine Goddard 173
Nathan Hale 178
Alexander Hamilton 187
John Hancock 198
Nancy Morgan Hart 210
Patrick Henry 218
William Howe 228
John Jay 237
Thomas Jefferson 246
Index xxxiii
Volume 2: K-Z
Thaddeus Kosciuszko 257
Marquis de Lafayette 264
Pierre Charles L’Enfant 275
Louis XVI 284
Flora Macdonald 294
James Madison 302
George Mason 312
Mary McCauley (“Molly Pitcher”) 321
Jane McCrea 328
Judith Sargent Murray 338
Jonathan Odell 345
Thomas Paine 353
William Pitt 361
Casimir Pulaski 370
David Ramsay 379
Esther De Berdt Reed 385
Paul Revere 391
Frederika von Riedesel 399
James Rivington 408
vi American Revolution: Biographies
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Betsy Ross 417
Benjamin Rush 426
Deborah Sampson 434
Daniel Shays 443
Charles Townshend 451
Horace Walpole 459
Mercy Otis Warren 468
George Washington 478
Phillis Wheatley 489
John Wilkes 499
Index xxxiii
Contents vii
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S
pecial thanks are due for the invaluable comments and sug-
gestions provided by U•X•L’s American Revolution Refer-
ence Library advisors:
• Mary Alice Anderson, Media Specialist, Winona Middle
School, Winona, Minnesota.
• Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librarian, Sno-Isle Regional
Library System, Edmonds, Washington.
• Frances Bryant Bradburn, Section Chief, Information Tech-
nology Evaluation Services, Public Schools of North Car-
olina, Raleigh, North Carolina.
• Sara K. Brooke, Director of Libraries, Ellis School, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
• Peter Butts, Media Specialist, East Middle School, Holland,
Michigan.
ix
Advisory Board
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A
merican Revolution: Biographies presents biographies of
sixty men and women who took part in, influenced, or
were in some way affected by the American Revolution. Among
the people profiled in each of the two volumes are American
patriots and presidents; colonists who remained loyal to Eng-
land; Native Americans, royalty, politicians, scoundrels, and
military officers from foreign nations who helped or hindered
the American fight for freedom; writers, poets, and publishers;
and heroic colonial women who wrote, took up arms, acted as
spies, or raised funds for American independence.
American Revolution: Biographies not only includes the
biographies of such famous patriots as George Washington,
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Thomas
Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, it also features the life stories of
less celebrated people such as Phillis Wheatley, renowned poet
and former slave; Frenchman Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who
designed the city of Washington, D.C.; Deborah Sampson, a
woman who donned a military uniform and served as an army
soldier; and Frederika von Riedesel, a German who chronicled
the Revolution while traveling throughout the colonies with
her young family as her husband fought for the British.
xi
Reader’s Guide
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Other features
American Revolution: Biographies also highlights interest-
ing people with ties to the main biography subjects, and adds
details that help round out events of the Revolutionary period.
Each entry contains cross-references to other individuals pro-
filed in the two-volume set, and each offers a list of sources—
including web sites—for further information about the indi-
vidual profiled. A timeline and glossary introduce each volume
and a cumulative subject index concludes each volume.
American Revolution: Biographies has two companion
volumes: American Revolution: Almanac, which describes in
narrative form the events leading up to the war and the major
events of the war; and American Revolution: Primary Sources,
which contains excerpts from more than thirty Revolutionary-
era documents.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Mary Reilly McCall, who
contributed encouragement, enthusiasm, and several biogra-
phies to this set.
Comments and suggestions
We welcome your comments on this work as well as
your suggestions for topics to be featured in future editions of
American Revolution: Biographies. Please write: Editors, American
Revolution: Biographies, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington
Hills, MI 48331-3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax: 248-
414-5043; or send e-mail via www.galegroup.com.
xii American Revolution: Biographies
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xiii
1754 Start of the French and Indian War, pitting the French
and their Indian allies against the British for control of
North America.
1760 George III becomes King of England.
1762 James Otis Jr., brother of Mercy Otis Warren, pub-
lishes a pamphlet arguing for a limitation on Parlia-
ment’s right to interfere with colonial affairs.
1763 French and Indian War ends with a British victory. To
appease Native Americans, King George III forbids colo-
nial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
1765 In March, King George III approves the Stamp Act,
which taxes the American colonies to pay for the French
and Indian War. Horace Walpole, British Member of
Parliament, opposes the Stamp Act before Parliament
and speaks out for the rights of American colonists.
In July, Boston patriots (“Sons of Liberty”) unite in
opposition to the Stamp Act. In August, a mob destroys
the house of Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor
Thomas Hutchinson to protest the act.
Timeline of Events in
Revolutionary America
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[...]... institutions Continental army: An army of American colonists formed during the American Revolution Continental Congress: An assembly of delegates from the American colonies (later states) The delegates governed before and during the Revolutionary War and under the Articles of Confederation The Continental Congress first met in 1774 The Crisis: Also known as The American Crisis, a series of pamphlets written... frontier and in Canada between 1754 and 1763 French Revolution: An event lasting from 1789 to 1799 that ended the thousand-year rule of kings in France and established France as a republic The American Revolution and the American experiment with democracy was an inspiration to many French people, but while the American experiment thrived, the French Revolution ended in chaos G Great Britain: The island... to openly aid the American cause 1780 xviii In May, Charleston, South Carolina, falls to British troops American Revolution: Biographies In June, Massachusetts’s constitution asserts that “all men are born free and equal”; this includes black slaves In Sentiments of an American Woman, Esther De Berdt Reed calls on colonial women to sacrifice luxuries and instead give money to the American army In September,... is named the temporary seat of the new U.S government 1789 David Ramsay’s History of the Revolution is published In April, George Washington is sworn in as the first U.S president xx American Revolution: Biographies In July, the French Revolution begins in Paris King Louis XVI will be beheaded in 1792 during this revolution In September, the U.S Army is established by Congress 1791 The Bill of Rights,... share assigned to a group During the American Revolution, when too few men volunteered to be soldiers in the Continental army, Congress assigned a quota to each colony, representing the number of men the colony was expected to round up and send to serve in the army R Radical: A person who favors revolutionary changes in a nation’s political structure xxviii American Revolution: Biographies Rebel: A person... Abodaher, David J Warrior on Two Continents: Thaddeus Kosciuszko New York: Julian Messner, 1968 262 American Revolution: Biographies “Kosciuszko, Tadeusz.” Webster’s American Military Biographies Springfield, MA: G & C Merriam Co Publishers, 1978, pp 221-22 “Kosciuszko, Thaddeus.” Who Was Who During the American Revolution Compiled by the editors of Who’s Who in America Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc.,... Hessians: Citizens of Hesse-Cassel, once a part of Germany German soldiers (mercenaries) were hired by King George III to fight for the British in the American Revolution Many came from Hesse-Cassel; as a result, all German soldiers were called Hessians xxvi American Revolution: Biographies I Intolerable Acts: Four laws passed by the British government in 1774 to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party Iroquois... winning the Revolutionary War 1782 Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens go to France to draw up a peace treaty Deborah Sampson, disguised as a man, enlists in the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment and fights against the Tories and Native Americans 1783 Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant and the Iroquois Confederacy begin blocking American westward expansion In April, Congress declares the Revolutionary... collected to pay for the expenses of government Revolution: A sudden political overthrow; a forcible substitution of rulers Revolutionary War: The war for American independence from Great Britain The fighting began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and lasted through the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 S Saratoga, Battle of: A major battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in northern New York... an officer’s commission from the Continental Congress, the governing body during the American Revolution (1775–83) American Charles Henry Lee, who had served in the Polish army for five years and later held a military position in America, helped Kosciuszko obtain a commission with the Continental army, the army of the American rebels Kosciuszko got involved in America’s fight for independence out of . introduce each volume
and a cumulative subject index concludes each volume.
American Revolution: Biographies has two companion
volumes: American Revolution: . to be featured in future editions of
American Revolution: Biographies. Please write: Editors, American
Revolution: Biographies, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd.,
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