NGHIEN CQU CHU NGHIA MAC - LENIN VA TlSJlSdNG HO CHI MINH > CHU NGHin Mine - L€NIN VOI QUH TRINH PHflT TRI€N Vfl TH^NG LOI cun CHCH MDNG VICT NRM r '> ;! 'tfn b '' '' PGS, TS NGUYfeN TRONG PHUC'*' iijl;::- N am 1917, trong bai viet ve C.Mac, V.I. Lenin da neu ro: "Chu nghia Mac la he ihong cac quan diem va hoc thuyet cua Mac. Mac da thira ke va hoan chinh mot each thien tai ba trao luu tu tudng chil yeu cia the ky XIX, thuoc ba nudc tien tien nhat ciia loai nguoi: triet hoc CO dien Due, mon kinh te chinh tri co dien Anh va chu nghia xa hpi Phap g^n lien vdi cac hoc thuyet each mang Phap noi chung. Tinh triet de va tinh hoan chinh tuyet vcfi (ma ngay ca ke thu cua Mac cung phai thira nhan) cua nhirng quan di6m ciia ong (ma toan b6 hop thanh chu nghia duy vat hien dai va chu nghia xa hoi khoa hoc hien dai, tiic la ly luan va cuong Ilnh cua phong trao cong nhan d tat ca cac nudc van minh tren the gidi)'"". Mac va Ph. Angghen ke thira va phat then phep bien churng ciia Heghen, theo Mac thi Phep bien chung la "khoa hpc ve nhung quy luat chung ciia su van dpng ciia the gidi ben ngoai cung nhu ciia tu duy con ngudi". Mac da dua ra quan niem duy vat lich sir, tire la van dung triet de chii nghia duy vat de' xem xet nhung hien tupng xa hpi '•' 'Vien Lich sir Dang. Hoc vifin Chinh tri chinh qu6c gia H6 Chi Mmh. Hanh trong lich su. "Chii nghia Mac md dudng cho viec nghien ciiu rong rai va toan dien qua trinh phat sinh, phat trien va suy tan CLia cac hinh thai kinh te xa hpi bang each xem xet todn bg nhirng xu hudng mau thuin nhau, bang each quy nhirng xu hudng a'y vao nhung dieu kien sinh hoat va san xuat da dupe xac dinh ro rang ciia cdc giai cdp trong xa hpi"'^*. Mac va Angghen da phat trien va chung minh ly luan vd dau tranh giai cap, khang dinh lich sir tat ca cac xa hpi cho den nay (tir xa hpi cong san nguyen thiiy) la ljch sir dau tranh giai cap, dong thdi cung chi ro lich sir dau tranh giua cac dan tpc. Mac da chung minh vai trd ciia quan chung nhan dan trong lich sir, con ngudi lam ra lich sir cua chinh minh. Lenin cung cho rang: "Nghien curu su phat sinh, phat trien va suy tan cua nhung quan he san xua't ciia mot xa hpi nhat dinh trong lich sir, dd la npi dung ciia hpc thuyet kinh te cua Mac"'". Bat dau tir viec phan tich hang hda, san xuat hang hda, gia tri sir dung va gia tri trao doi cua hang hda, Mac phat hien ra gia tri thang du va bdc lot gia tri thang du trong quan he san xuat tu ban chil nghia. Theo Angghen, Mac da tim ra quy luat phat trien ciia lich sir loai ngudi va LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009 "Mac cung tim ra quy luat van ddng rieng ciia phuong thirc san xuat tu ban chii nghia hien dai va cua xa hpi tu san do phuong thiifc dd de ra. Vdi viec phat hien ra gia tri thang du trong linh vuc nay, thi lap tiirc mot anh sang da hien ra trong khi tat ca cac cong trinh nghien cun trudc day ciia cac nha kinh te hpc tu san cung nhu ciia cac nha phe binh xa hpi chii nghia vin deu mo mlm trong bdng tdi. Hai phat minh nhu vay ddi vdi mot ddi ngudi cung la dii roi. Ngudi nao ma cd dupe mot phat minh nhu vay thi han la da hanh phiic lam roi"''*'. Vg chii nghia xa hpi, "Mac hoan toan dira vao va chi dua vao nhiing quy luat kinh te CLia su van dpng ciia xa hpi hien dai ma ket luan rang, xa hpi tu ban chii nghia nhat dinh se phai chuyen bien thanh xa hdi xa hpi chu nghia""'. Mac cung dd ra sach lupc, hinh thai dau tranh giai cap ciia giai cap vo san; khang dinh sii' menh lich sir cua giai cap vo san trong each mang vo san la danh dd chil nghia tu ban, xay dung chii nghia xa hpi, chil nghia cdng san. Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng Cgng sdn cua Mac - Angghen cdng bd nam 1848 danh dau sir ra ddi hpc thuyet each mang va khoa hpc, vu khi tu tudng, ly luan ciia mot cudc each mang xa hdi trong thdi dai mdi. Cudc each mang dd phan anh quy luat phat trien tat yeu ciia lich sir loai ngudi. "Su sup dd cua giai cap tu san va thang lpi CLia giai cap vo san la tat yeu nhu nhau""*' Mac cung la ngudi thay rd thdi ky qua dp chuydn bien tir chii nghia tu ban len chil nghia xa hdi, tuong irng vdi thdi ky dd la chuyen chinh vo san. Lenin phat trien hpc thuyet Mac trong thdi ky phat trien ciia chii nghia de qud'c cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX. Vdi sir phat trien sang tao dd da dan tdi thang lpi ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga nam 1917 - cudc each mang da md ra thdi dai mdi trong lich sir nhan loai - thdi dai qua dp len chii nghia xa hpi. Su phat tridn ly luan khoa hpc va minh chirng bang thang loi ciia cudc each mang do Lenin lanh dao, da dua chii nghia xa hdi tir khoa hpc thanh hien thuc va phat tridn day du, toan dien hon trong hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin. Nhu da trinh bay, hpc thuyet khoa hpc va each mang ciia Mac va dupe Lenin phat tridn khdng chi giai phdng giai cap vd san, ma cdn giai phdng cac dan tdc bi ap buc, giai phdng nhan dan lao ddng va toan the loai ngudi. Tren con dudng di tim dudng ciru nudc, giai phdng dan tdc, lanh tu Nguydn Ai Qude - Hd Chi Minh da tim tha'y d chii nghia Mac - Lenin con dudng each mang chan chinh, con dudng cuai nudc diing dan. • - ' • - • - Nhirng nam 20 ciia the ky XX, Nguydn Ai Qud'c da tiep thu ly luan Mac - Ldnin tir cdi ngudn va ra sii:c truyen ba ly luan dd thdng qua nhiing luan de tu tudng ciia minh vao phong trao cdng nhan va phong trao yeu nudc Viet Nam, giac ngd giai cap cdng nhan va ca dan tdc Viet Nam dau tranh de gianh ddc lap, giai phdng dan tpc, giai phdng nhiing ngudi lao ddng cung khd, xay dung xa hpi mdi vi nhan dan, vi con ngudi. Theo Nguydn Ai Qude, mud'n dua sir nghiep giai phdng dan tdc vao quy dao ciia each mang vo san, can phai nam vung muc tieu, ban chat va phuong thiirc tidn hanh cudc each mang dd, dac biet d mdt nudc thude dia, phong kien nhu Viet Nam, cae nudc Ddng Duong va ca chau A ndi chung. "Che dp cdng san cd ap dung dupe d chau A ndi chung va d Ddng Duong ndi rieng khdng? Day la van dd ma chiing ta dang quan tam hien nay"'''. Nguydn Ai Qud'c da LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009 dat vah dd nhu thd' vao thang 5-1921 va Ngudi da tra ldi cau hdi tu dat ra dd: "Xet nhung ly do ljch sir cho phep chu nghia cdng san tham nhap dd dang vao chau A, dd dang hon la d chau Au"'*'. Nguydn Ai Qude nha'n manh su can thid't phai quan niem dung dan ve chii nghia cdng san, tiirc chu nghia bdnsevieh. Khdng nen hieu chii nghia nghia bdnsdvich cd nghia la: hoac sir pha hoai tat ca, hoac sir giai phdng khdi ach nudc ngoai. "Nghia thii: nha't gan cho danh tir a'y lam cho quan chiing vd hpc va nhiit nhat xa lanh chiing ta; nghia thu hai thi dan hp ddn chil nghia qud'c gia. Ca hai dieu dd deu nguy hiem ca. Chi cd mdt so ngudi trong nhan dan hieu dupe thd' nao la chii nghia cdng san"'^'. Dieu dd cho tha'y vide truydn ba, giao due vd chii nghia cong san trong cdng nhan, nhan dan ed tam quan trpng dac biet. u •• ; ; - Ngay tir d^u, Nguydn Ai Qud'c da chii trpng van dung sang tao vao didu kien ciia Viet Nam. Nguydn Ai Qud'c nhan thiirc rd rang: "Mae da xay dung hpc thuyet ciia minh tren mdt triet ly nhat djnh ciia ljch sir, nhung ljch sir nao? Lich sir chau Au. Ma chau Au la gi? Dd chua phai la toan the nhan loai"'"". Va Nguydn Ai Qud'c dat van de phai md rong sir nghidn ciiu va phat trien hpc thuyet Mac, can phai "xem xet lai chu nghia Mac ve co sd ljch sir ciia nd, cimg cd nd bang dan tdc hpc phuong Ddng""". Nhiing nam 20 ciia the ky XX, Nguydn Ai Quoc da tha'y rang d Viet Nam "cudc dau tranh giai ca'p khdng didn ra gidng nhu d phuong Tay ndu ndng dan gan nhu chang cd gi thi dja chii cung khdng cd vdn lieng gi ldn; ndu ndng dan chi sd'ng bang cai tdi thidu can thid't thi ddi sd'ng ciia dja chii cung chang cd gi la xa hoa; ne'u thp thuyen khdng biet minh bi bdc lot bao nhidu thi chii lai khdng hd biet cdng cu de bdc Idt cua hp la may mdc; ngudi thi chang cd cdng doan, ke thi ching cd tordt. Ngudi thi nhan nhue chiu sd phan ciia minh, ke thi vira phai trong su tham lam ciia minh. Su xung dot ve quy^n lpi ciia hp dupe giam thidu. Dieu dd khdng the chdi cai ducjc""^'. Vdi sir phan tich vd thuc trang cac giai cap va da'u tranh giai cap d Viet Nam nhu vay, Nguydn Ai Qude nhin nhan khdng chi a Viet Nam ma ca Ddng Duong, Trung Qude va An Dp, ca chau A, phuong Ddng va cho rang: "chii nghia dan tdc la ddng lire ldn CLia da't nudc. Chinh nd da gay nen cudc ndi day chd'ng thud' nam 1908, nd day cho nhiing ngudi culi bid't phan ddi, nd lam cho nhiing ngudi "nha qud" phan ddi ngam trudc thud' tap dich va thud' mudi. Cung chu nghia dan tdc da ludn ludn thuc day cac nha budn An Nam canh tranh vdi ngudi Phap va ngudi Trung Qude; nd thuc giuc thanh nien bai khda, lam cho nhung nha each mang trdn sang Nhat Ban va lam vua Duy Tan muu tinh khdi nghia nam 1916""". "Gid day, ngudi ta se khong the lam gi dupe cho ngudi An Nam ne'u khdng dua tren cac ddng lire vl dai va duy nhat ciia ddi sdng xa hdi CLia hp""". Dat ldn hang dau muc tidu, nhidm vu giai phdng dan tpc. Dang Cong san Viet Nam va Nguydn Ai Quoc - Hd Chf Minh da van dung sang tao hpc thuyet each mang CLia Mac, nhat la dieu ma Mac va Angghen da kdu gpi trong Tuyen ngdn cita Ddng Cgng sdn: "giai cap vd san mdi nudc trudc het phai gianh lay chinh quydn, phai tu wxan ldn thanh giai cap dan tdc, phai tir minh trd thanh dan tpc""". Dudng ldi each mang giai phdng dan tdc ciia Dang da dupe phat trien hoan chinh bdi cac Nghi quyet Hdi nghj Trung uong (11-1939, 11-1940) LY LUAN CHiNH TR| 8 - 2009 va 5-1941) va vdi sir lanh dao cuong quyet, kip thdi va khdn kheo ciia Dang va Hd Chi Minh, Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945 da thang lpi ve vang. Tiep dd, dudng ldi giai phdng dan tdc, dudng ldi chie'n tranh nhan dan each mang ciia Dang va Hd Chi Minh da gianh thang lpi trong hai cudc khang chien chd'ng thuc dan Phap va de' qud'c My xam lupc, gianh ddc lap va thd'ng nhat hoan toan. Chinh chii nghia Mac da khoi day chu nghia dan tpc va tinh than yeu nudc Viet Nam, phat huy sd'c manh cua quan chiing nhan dan, phat trien khdi dai doan ket toan dan tdc gianh ddc lap va phat tridn da't nudc. Hd Chi Minh va Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da that sir dai bieu cho tinh than va sire manh cua dan tdc, trong dd cd sure manh ciia giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng. , Mac va Ldnin da quan niem ro rang ve thdi ky qua dp ldn chii nghia xa hdi sau khi each mang v6 san nd ra va giai cap cdng nhan nam chinh quyen. Mae quan niem ve qua dd chinh trj vdi sir thid't lap va vai trd ciia chuydn ehinh vo san. Ldnin dd cap nhidu hon ve qua dp kinh te. Thdi ky qua dp theo cae dng la thdi dai chuydn chinh vd san, la sir tdn tai cua nhieu giai cap, tang ldp xa hdi va vin didn ra da'u tranh giai cap vdi ndi dung va hinh thiirc mdi, la su tdn tai va phat trien cua nhieu thanh phan kinh td' dan xen nhau, nhidu che' dp sd hiiu tu lieu san xua't. Thdi ky qua dp didn ra rat dai trong ljch sir va phai trai qua nhidu chang dudng, budc di khac nhau. Sau thang lpi cua Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Viet Nam da bat dau ky nguyen mdi, ky nguyen ddc lap dan tdc va tien ldn chil nghia xa hdi. Thuc dan Phap quay lai xam lupc Viet Nam lan thir hai, vi vay Dang Cdng san va dan tdc Viet Nam van phai tiep tuc each mang giai phdng dan tdc de hoan thanh each mang dan tdc dan chu nhan dan. Nam 1946, trong chuyen di tham nudc Phap, khi tra ldi nha bao, trong hoan canh rat phu'c tap, Chii tich Hd Chf Minh van khang dinh Viet Nam di theo con dudng cua chii nghia Mac. Ngudi neu rd: "Tat ca mpi ngudi deu cd quydn nghidn ciiu mdt chu nghia. Rieng tdi, tdi nghien ciiu chu nghia Cac Mae Cdn khi nao thi chu nghia Cac Mac thuc hidn thi tdi khdng the tra ldi dupe. Mudn cho chu nghia cdng san thuc hidn dupe, can phai cd ky nghe, ndng nghiep va tat ca mpi ngudi deu dupe phat tridn het kha nang eua minh. O nudc chiing tdi, nhirng didu kien ay chua cd du""*'. Dai hdi II cua Dang (thang 2-1951) xac djnh rd con dudng hoan thanh each mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan tidn len chu nghia xa hdi. Nam 1954 mien Bac dupe hoan toan giai phdng va budc vao thdi ky qua dp ldn chu nghia xa hdi, trong khi mien Nam vin phai tiep tuc hoan thanh each mang dan tdc dan chil nhan dan. Hoan canh mien Bac vira mdi thoat khdi ach thuc dan, phong kien het sire lac hau va dat nudc dang bj chia cat lam hai mien. "Trong nhung didu kien nhu the, chiing ta phai diing nhung phuang phap gi, hinh thirc gi, di theo tdc dp nao dd tidn dan ldn chil nghia xa hdi? Chung ta phai nang cao sir tu dudng ve chu nghia Mac - Lenin dd diing lap trudng, quan didm, phuong phap ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin ma tdng ket nhung kinh nghiem cua Dang ta, phan tich mdt each diing dan nhirng dac diem ciia nudc ta. Cd nhu the, chiing ta mdi cd the dan dan hidu dupe quy luat phat tridn eua each mang Viet Nam, djnh ra dupe nhiing dudng ldi, phuong cham, budc di cu the CLia each mang xa hdi chii nghia thich hpp vdi tinh hinh nudc ta""". LV LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009 Dai hdi HI (thang 9-1960) va Dai hdi IV (thang 12-1976) cua Dang da de ra dudng ldi each mang xa hdi chii nghia d mien Bac va ca nudc. Cdng cuoc xay dung chii nghia xa hdi 0 nudc ta da dat dupe nhiing thanh tiru nhat djnh, ddng thdi cung bdc Id nhiing khuyet tat, yeu kem. Dd cung chinh la nhirng yeu ciu khach quan phai tien hanh ddi mdi, bat dau tir ddi mdi tu duy ly luan, nhan thiirc rd hon vd chii nghia xa hdi va nhirng quy luat khach quan ciia thdi ky qua dp. Dai hdi VI ciia Dang (thang 12-1986) da hoach djnh dudng ldi ddi mdi. Vdi chinh sach phat trien ndn kinh td' hang hda nhidu thanh phin, vdi sir ddi mdi co chd' quan ly chuyen din sang ndn kinh te' thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghia, ndn kinh te' Viet Nam da phat trien mdt each vung chic, timg budc thoat khdi tinh trang khiing hoang tram trpng tir eudi nhiing nam 70 va sud't nhung nam 80 ciia the' ky XX. Dai hpi VII ciia Dang (6-1991) da de ra Cuang ITnh xdy dung dd't nudc trong thai ky qud do len chil nghTa xd hoi. Cuong linh da ndu ldn md hinh ciia xa hdi xa hdi chu nghia d Viet Nam gdm 6 dac trung. Dau nhung nam 90, vdi chinh sach kinh te dung din, vdi dudng ldi ddi ngoai ddc lap tir chii phu hpp, sir lanh dao dung din cua Dang va dieu hanh CLia nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghia, cdng cudc ddi mdi cua Viet Nam da vupt qua nhiing thach thirc hidm ngheo do sir sup dd cua chd' dp xa hdi chii nghia d Lien Xd va cac nudc Ddng Au. Kidn djnh muc tidu ddc lip din tdc va chil nghia xa hdi, each mang Viet Nam phat trien theo dudng ldi ddi mdi ciia Dang chinh la sir phat trien sang tao nhiing nguydn ly ciia chii nghia Mac - Ldnin va tu tudng Hd Chf Minh va chiing minh gia tri khoa hpc, tfnh each mang ciia ly luan, tu tudng dd. Trai qua hon 20 nam ddi mdi trdn nen tang chii nghia Mac - Ldnin va tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, vdi sir sang tao, phii hpp vdi thuc tidn, Viet Nam da tidn nhiing budc dai vdi nhiing bien ddi sau sic, nhiing thanh tiru to ldn cd y nghia lich sir. Ciing vdi nhung thanh tuu ve tang trudng, phat tridn kinh te, van hda, giao due, thuc hidn chinh sach xa hdi, cai thien dang ke ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh thin eua nhan dan, giu viing dn djnh chinh trj va tang cudng siic manh qude phdng, an ninh, md rdng quan he ddi ngoai, chiing ta cdn dat dupe thanh tuu quan trpng vd ly luan, "nhan thirc ve chii nghia xa hdi va con dudng di ldn chu nghia xa hdi ngay cang sang td hon""*", trudc het la vd muc tidu va md hinh eiia chd' dp xa hdi chu nghia d Viet Nam. Dai hdi X xac djnh md hinh 8 dac trung cua chii nghia xa hdi Viet Nam la: xa hdi dan giau, nudc manh, cdng bang, dan chii, van minh; do nhan dan lam ehu; cd nen kinh te phat trien cao, dua trdn lire lucmg san xuat hidn dai va quan he san xuat phil hpp vdi trinh dp phat trien cua lue lupng san xuat; cd ndn van hda tidn tien, dam da ban sic dan tpc; con ngudi dupe giai phdng khdi ap biirc, bat cong, cd cuoc sd'ng a'm no, tu do, hanh phuc, phat trien toan didn; cac dan tdc trong cdng ddng Vidt Nam binh ding, doan ket, tuong trp va giiip dd nhau ciing tidn bd; cd Nha nude phap quydn xa hdi chii nghia ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan, dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang; cd quan he hull nghj va hpp tac vdi nhan dan cae nudc trdn thd' gidi. Mac khdng dua ra mdt md hinh chu nghia xa hdi, nhung trong Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng Cgng sdn, Mae va Angghen da dua ra 10 bien phap thuc hidn chii nghia cdng san ap dung d cac nudc tidn tidn nhat (hidu la cac nudc tu ban phat tridn cao). Nhung cac LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009 dng ciing luu y: "trong nhirng nudc khac nhau, nhung bien phap ay di nhien se khac nhau rat nhieu""''. Dd la ehi din het sire quy bau dd each mang xa hdi chii nghia didn ra d cac nudc khdng hoan toan gid'ng nhau. Va do dd, cac dang cdng san cin het sii:c tranh va khic phuc ehu nghia giao dieu, rap khudn. Phai ludn ludn xul't phat tir thuc tidn nudc minh de lua chpn giai phap, hinh thiifc va bude di thich hpp. Cdng cudc ddi mdi d Viet Nam da lam sang td hon nhung giai phap, bien phap cin thiet de dat tdi muc tidu cua ehu nghia xa hdi. Qua trinh di len chil nghia xa hdi d Viet Nam cung da lam sang td hon nhung chang dudng, budc di cu the; nudc ta da hoan thanh chang dudng dau ciia thdi ky qua dp (1996) va dang d chang day manh cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda dat nudc. Cung ein khing djnh, thuc tidn ciia cdng cudc ddi mdi da ehiing minh kha nang va ndi dung bd qua chd' dp tu ban chu nghia. Qua dp len ehu nghia xa hdi bd qua che dd tu ban chii nghia, tire la bd qua vide xac lap vj tri thd'ng trj cua quan he san xua't va kien triic thupng ting tu ban chii nghia, nhung tiep thu, ke thira nhiing thanh tuu ma nhan loai da dat dupe dudi chd' dd tu ban chii nghia, dac biet vd khoa hpc va cdng nghe de phat trien nhanh lire lupng san xuit, xay dung ndn kinh td' hidn dai. Giira thd' ky XIX, Mac va Angghen da du bao sir phat tridn manh me cua dai cdng nghiep, ciia khoa hpc cdng nghe dudi chii nghia tu ban, sir phat tridn ciia thj trudng the' gidi. "Tu do budn ban, thj trudng the gidi, sir ddng ddu eua san xuat cdng nghiep va nhung dieu kien sinh hoat thfch irng vdi nen san xuat ay thi nhiing sir each biet dan tdc va nhung sir ddi lap giira nhan dan cac nudc cung ngay cang mat di", "sir thdng trj ciia giai dp vd san se cang lam cho nhihig su each biet va nhirng sir ddi lip I'y se mit di nhanh hon"'^"'. Trong cdng cudc ddi mdi, Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam da thiic diy kinh td' thi trudng phat trien d trong nudc va quan he thuong mai vdi cac nudc. Ngay 7- 11-2006, Viet Nam trd thanh thanh vidn cua To chii:c Thuong mai the' gidi (WTO), Viet Nam cung ke' thira va phat trien thanh qua ciia each mang khoa hpc, cdng nghe trdn thd' gidi. Cin nhan manh ring, Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam trong khi kien tri xay dung da't nudc theo con dudng cua chu nghia xa hdi da ludn ludn neu cao ban chat hda binh, hiru nghj, chii nghia qud'c td' cao ca cua chu nghia xa hdi. Thuc hidn dudng ldi ddi ngoai rdng md, da phuong hda, da dang hda cac quan he ddi ngoai, Viet Nam la ban, la ddi tac tin cay vdi tit ca cac nudc trdn the gidi vi mdt thd' gidi hda binh, hpp tac va phat trien. Dd cung chinh la tu tudng nhin van, nhan ai cao ca cua Mac, Angghen, Ldnin, Hd Chi Minh phan diu vi cudc sd'ng tdt dep ciia ta't ca cac din tdc, cua toan nhan loai. (1),(2),(3),(5) V.l. Ldnin: Todn tap, t.26, NXB Tien bo, Matxcova, 1980, tr.59-60, 68, 72, 86. (4) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Todn tap, t.I9, NXB Chinh trj qude gia. Ha N6i, 1995, tr.500. (6),(15),(19),(20) Mac va Angghen: Sdd, t.4, tr.613, 623-624, 627, 624. (7),(8),(9),(10),(11),(12),(I3),(14) H6 Chi Minh: Todn tap, t.l, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Ndi, 2000, tr.33, 35, 63, 465,465, 464,466, 467. (16) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd, t.4, U.272. (17) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd, t.8, tr.494. (18) DCSVN: Van Icien Dai hgi dai bieu todn quoc ldn thi( X, NXB CTiinh trj qude gia. Ha Noi, 2006, U.68. Ly LUAN CHiNH TR| 8 - 2009 . Tam nam 1945, Viet Nam da bat dau ky nguyen mdi, ky nguyen ddc lap dan tdc va tien ldn chil nghia xa hdi. Thuc dan Phap quay lai xam lupc Viet Nam. Viet Nam da phat trien mdt each vung chic, timg budc thoat khdi tinh trang khiing hoang tram trpng tir eudi nhiing nam 70 va sud't nhung nam 80