Labor Relations in the Public Sector PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAND PUBLIC POLICY A Comprehensive Publication Program Executive Editor JACKRABIN Professorof Public Administration Public Policy and School PublicAffairs of TheCapital College The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg Middletown, Pennsylvania as Disci[91ine twoparts), Robert (in PublicAdministration a Developing Golembiewski Comparative NationalPolicieson HealthCare,Milton I Roemer, M.D Injustice: The Problem Illegally Obtained of Evidence, Steven Exclusionary R Schlesinger in Politics and Process, Jay M Personnel Management Government: Shafritz, WalterL Balk, Albert C Hyde, David Rosenbloom and H DevelopmentPublicAdministration twoparts), edited in (in Organization Robert Golembiewski WilliamB Eddy T and Public Administration: Comparative A Perspective, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Ferrel Heady Approaches Planned to Change two parts), Robert Golembiewski (in T Program Evaluation HEW three parts), editedby James Abert at (in G TheStates and the Metropolis, Patricia S Florestanoand Vincent L Marando 10 Personnel Management Govemment: in Politics and Process,Second Edition, Revised Expanded, M Shafritz, Albert C Hyde, David and Jay and H Rosenbloom 11 Changing Bureaucracies: Understanding Organization the BeforeSelecting the Approach, WilliamA Medina on and edited by Jack 12 Handbook Public Budgeting Financial Management, Rabinand Thomas Lynch D 13 Encyclopedia Policy Studies, of editedby StuartS Nagel 14 PublicAdministration Law:Bench Bureau the UnitedStates, David and v in H Rosenbloom 15 Handbook Public Personnel on AdministrationandLaborRelations, edited by JackRabin,Thomas Vocino, BartleyHildreth, andGerald Miller W J 16 Public Budgeting Finance: and Behavioral, Theoretical,andTechnical Perspectives,ThirdEdition, editedby Robert Golembiewski JackRabin T and Behavior Public Management, W StewartandG and Debra 17 Organizational DavidGarson 18 ThePolitics of Terrorism: Second Edition, Revised 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Public Administration, edited by 41 Handbook Comparative Development Ali Farazmand 42 Public Administration: Comparative A Perspective, FourthEdition, Ferrel Heady 43 Government FinancialManagement Theory,Gerald Miller J Management in Govemment: Pofitics andProcess, FourthEdition, 44 Personnel Revised and Expanded, M Shafritz, Norma Riccucci, David H Jay M Rosenbloom, Albert C Hyde and 45 PublicProductivityHandbook, edited by Marc Holzer 46 Handbook PublicBudgeting, of edited by JackRabin 47 Labor Relations in the Public SectocSecond Edition, Revised Exand panded, RichardC Kearney 19 20 21 22 48 Handbook Organizational of Consultation, editedby Robert Golembiewski T of edited by StevenW 49 Handbook Court Administration and Management, HaysandCole Blease Graham, Jr of Public Budgetingand Financial Management, 50 Handbook Comparative edited by Thomas Lynch Lawrence Martin D and L of Behavior, editedby Robert Golembiewski T 51 Handbook Organizational 52 Handbook Administrative of Ethics, editedby TerryL Cooper of Edition, Revised Expanded, and 53 Encyclopedia Policy Studies: Second editedby StuartS Nagel 54 Handbook Regulation and Administrative Law, edited by David H of Rosenbloom RichardD Schwartz and of edited by Ali Farazmand 55 Handbook Bureaucracy, 56 Handbook Public SectorLaborRelations, edited by Jack Rabin,Thomas of Vocino, BartleyHildreth,andGerald Miller W J Robert 57 Practical Public Management, T Golembiewski 58 Handbook Public Personnel of Administration, edited by JackRabin,Thomas Vocino, BartleyHildreth,andGerald Miller W J Perspective, Fifth Edition, Ferrel 59 Public Administration:A Comparative Heady 60 Handbook DebtManagement, by Gerald Miller of edited J 61 Public Administrationand Law:Second Edition, DavidH Rosenbioom and Rosemary O’Leary 62 Handbook LocalGovemment of Administration,edited by JohnJ Gargan of edited by James Garnettand L 63 Handbook AdministrativeCommunication, AlexanderKouzmin 64 Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition, Revisedand Expanded, edited by Robert Golembiewski JackRabin T and of Edition, edited by JackRabin, 65 Handbook Public Administration:Second W.BartleyHildreth,andGerald Miller J 66 Handbook Organization Theoryand Management: Philosophical of The Approach, edited by Thomas LynchandTodd Dicker D J 67 Handbook Public Finance,edited by Fred Thompson Mark Green of and T Behavior PublicManagement: Edition, Revised and Third and 68 Organizational Expanded, MichaelL Vasu,Debra Stewart, andG DavidGarson W 69 Handbook Economic of Development, edited by KuotsaiTom Liou of and Osborne Kil70 Handbook HealthAdministration Policy, edited by Anne patrick andJames Johnson A 71 Handbook Research of Methods PublicAdministration, in edited by Gerald J Miller andMarcia Whicker L on A 72 Handbook Taxation,edited by W.Bartley Hildreth andJames Richardson 73 Handbook Comparative of Public Administration the Asia-Pacific Basin, in edited by Hoi-kwok Wong HonS Chan and 74 Handbook Global Environmental of Policy 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GlobalSocial Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel Amy of and Robb Handbook Organizational BehaviocSecond of Edition, Revisedand Expanded, edited by Robert Golembiewski T Handbook AdministrativeEthics: Second of Edition, Revised Expanded, and editedby TerryL Cooper Handbook Public Quality Management, of edited by Ronald Stupakand J PeterM.Leitner Handbook Crisis andEmergency of Management, edited by Ali Farazmand Handbook Public Management of Practice and Reform,edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou Handbook Comparative Development of and Public Administration: Second Edition, Revised Expanded, and edited by All Farazmand Principles Practices PubficAdministration and of [on-linetext], editedby Jack Rabin,Robert Munzenrider, SherrieBartell and Public Administration:A Comparative Perspective, Sixth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Ferrel Heady Personnel ManagementGovemment: in Politics andProcess,Fifth Edition, Jay M Shafritz, Norma Riccucci, David H Rosenbloom, M KatherineC Naff, andAlbert C Hyde ANNALS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Public Administration:History and Theory Contemporary in Perspective, edited by Joseph Uveges, A Jr Public Administration Education Transition, edited by Thomas in Vocino and RichardHeimovics Centenary Issuesof the Pendleton of 1883,edited by DavidHoRoAct senbloom the assistance Mark Emmert with of A Relations the 1980s, in edited by Richard Leach H Intergovemmental CriminalJustice Administration: Linking PracticeandResearch, edited by William Jones, A Jr Labor Relations in the Public Sector ThirdEdition Richard C Kearney East CarolinaUniversity Greenville,North Carolina with David G Carnevale University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma MARCEL MARCEL DEKKER, INC NEW YO~,K BASEL ¯ ISBN: 0-8247-0420.7 This bookis printed on acid-free paper Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc 270 Madison Avenue, NewYork, NY10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this bookwhenordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketingat the headquarters address above Copyright © 2001 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Neither this booknor any part maybe reproducedor transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Currentprinting (last digit): 1098765432 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Preface Unionsseemto be perpetually at a crossroads Thosein the private sector have suffered membership declines for more than 45 years and, even under the dynamic leadership of AFL-CIO President John Sweeney, they will be hard-pressed to reverse the powerfultide against unions in the private sector In government, union membership been stagnant since the 1980s Althoughthere have been has somepositive incrementalchangesin the state legal environment collective for bargaining, no new comprehensivebargaining laws have been enacted since 1992 Meanwhile, fundamentalrestructuring of private and public organizations and the processes they use to conduct their business have been occurring at an ever-increasing rate Globalization of labor and markets has profoundly challengedunions in the businesssector For their counterpartsin government, continuing citizen resistance to government taxing and spending, joined with the movementto reinvent government, have posednewchallenges that provide both threats and opportunities In any event, managing a union environmentis a reality in for approximately40% public managers,and unions remainkey political acof tors in the federal government in a large proportionof state andlocal jurisdicand tions The third edition of LaborRelations in the Public Sector has been completely updatedin termsof the scholarly and professionalliterature and relevant events Collective bargainingand labor relations are addressedat all levels of government,with comparisonsto the private and nonprofit sectors The Reinventing Government Movement been incorporated into several chapters Inhas terest-based ("win-win")negotiation is a prominentthemein discussions of the bargainingprocessand contract administration Thethird edition features several iii 376 References 9¢h’ghiitgto~~ ~a~is (1976) 96 Sup, ct 2040 l~iiters ~v: W[#gO~t~ih ~teglworlcs(1974) 502 F 2d 1309CA-7 Waters, ’~ S:, ~{11; ~, ~,~ Moore,W,J., and Newman, J (1994) A simultaneousR equa~0fi~f~i~[i0fis~l~ between public sector bargaining legislation and unionization Journal of LaOo~ ResearchXV(4) (Fall), 355-372 Watkinsv Steeii~’O~]~et’~ Loeai 2369(1975) 516 F 2d 41 CA-5 Webb,S and Webb,~ (ig.qT~, lttdustrial Democracy.London: Longmans Wellington, H H and Winter, R, K,~ Jr~ (1971) The Unionsand the Cities Washington, DC:Brookings Werther,W.B., Jr (1974) Reducing grievances~hrougb effective contract administration Labor Law Journal (April), 211-216 West, J P and Feiock, R C (1989) Supportfor sunshine bargainingin Florida: A decade later Reviewof Public Personnel Administration9 (Spring), 28-50 Wheatley v City of Covington (1972) 79 LRRN 2614, D, Ky Ct Wheeler, N (1975a).Ananalysis of fire fighter strikes Labor Journal26(1 ) (Jan.), H Law 17-20 Wheeler,H N (1975b) Compulsory arbitration: A narcotic effect? Industrial Relations 14 (Feb.), 117-120 Wheeler,H N (1985) Industrial Conflict: An Integrative Theory Columbia,SC: University of SouthCarolina Press Wiatrowski,W.J (1988) Comparing employee benefits in the public and private sectors MonthlyLaborReview IIl (Dec.), 3-8 Williams, R M (1977) The clamor over municipal unions Saturday Review (March5), 5-7 Wilson, T M (1989) Smoking the workplace: Dimensions policy Reviewof Public in of Personnel Administration (Summer),32-45 Wolkinson, W., Chelst, K., and Shepard,L A (1985) Arbitration issues in the consoliB dation of police and fire bargaining units Arbitration Journal 40 (Dec.), 43-54 Woodbury, A (1985) The scope of bargaining and bargaining outcomesin the public S schools Industrial and LaborRelations Review38 (Jan.), 195-209 Wurf, J (1974) Merit: A union view Public AdministrationReview34 (Sept./Oct.), 431434 www.cpsInfo.bls.gov(Jan25) (1999) Wygantv Jackson Board of Education (1986) 476 U.S 267 Zack, A M (1985) Public Sector Mediation Washington,DC:Bureau of National Affairs Zagoria, S (1973) Resolving impasses by public referendum Monthly Labor Review (May), 36-38 partnership in the public sector In Ban and Zane, R T (1997) Labor management Riccucci (eds.), Public Personnel Management: Current Concerns, Future Challenges, 173-186 NewYork: Longman Zax, J S (1988) Wages,nonwage compensation,and municipalunions Industrial Relations 27 (Fall), 301-317 Zax, J S (1989) Employment local public sector unions Industrial Relations 28 and (Winter), 21-31 Zigarelli, M A (1994) The linkages betweenteacher unions and student achievement Journal of Collective Negotiations 23(4), 299-319 References 377 Zigarelli, M A (1996) Dispute resolution mechanisms teacher bargaining outcomes and Journal of Labor Research XVI1 (Winter), 135-148 Zimmerman, (1999) Not so big Government P Executive (Jan.), 39-42 Zirkel, P A and Breslin, P H (1995) Correlates of grievancearbitration awards.Journal of Collective Negotiations 24(1), 45-54 Ziskind, D (1940) OneThousandStrikes of Government Employees New York: Columbia University Press Zwerling, H L and Thomason, (1994) Theeffects of teacher unions on the probability T of droppingout of high school Journalof Collective Negotiations23(3), 239-250 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Index Aboodv Detroit Board of Education (1977), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 213, 258, 321 Affirmative action, 147, 187-191, 197 AFSCME Local 201 v City of Muskegon (1983), AFSCME State of Washington v (1983), 152 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967), Alabama,8, 30, 60, 264 Alaska, 8, 30, 60, 73,233,235-236,264 Albuquerque, 249 Alexander v Gardner-Denver (1975), 309 Alioto, Joseph L., 166 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), 136, 320, 322 American AmalgamatedTransit Union (ATU), AmericanArbitration Association (AAA),262, 278, 308, 311,318, 319 AmericanAssociation of University Professors (AAUP),39-40, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), 13-15, 2425, 52, 191 AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL), 5-6, 13-15, 26, 41,222-223 AmericanFederation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFLCIO), 6, 10-12, 23, 25, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 52, 68, 245, 253, 325-326, 334 Committee Political Equality, 126 on Internal Disputes Plan, 35 Public EmployeesDivision, 36 American Federation of Police (AFP), AmericanFederation of State, County, and Municipal Employees(AFSCME),12, 14-15, 22, 34, 35, 37, 43, 60, 68, 79, 88, 93, 124, 125, 126, 152, 180, 188, 197, 199, 200, 216, 243-246, 312, 322, 330, 334, 337 AmericanFederation of Teachers (AFT), 14, 19, 22, 36, 37, 39-40, 42, 47, 68, 95, 188, 330, 337 American Medical Association (AMA), 20, 42 379 380 American Nurses Association (ANA), 36, 42 American Postal Workers Union (APWU),27, 306 Americans with Disabilities Act, 59, 188, 190, 212-213 Arbitration, 148, 262, 273-284, 317 advantages/disadvantages, 277-282 and collective bargaining, 281-282 final offer, 282-284 process, 274-277 and unions, 279-280 Arbitration Information Tracking (ARBIT), 311 Area wage surveys, 149 Arizona, 8, 29, 30, 35, 60, 63, 65, 264 Arkansas,8, 29, 30, 60, 62, 63, 264 Assembly of Government Employees (AGE), Assistant Secretary for Labor-Management Relations (ASLMR), 51, Associated Professional Fire Fighters of Kentucky, 67 Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now(ACORN), 337 Associations, 34-35, 141 Atkins v City of Charlotte (1969), 47, Atlantic City, Austin, 66 Baker v Carr (1962), Bargaining zone, 134 Barrentine v Arkansas Best Freight (1981), 309 Baton Rouge, 254 BayCity, California, 78 Bayh, Evan, 67 Benefits, 146-156, 164-167, 335 Bird, Chief Justice Rose, 238 Blackmun, Justice, 58 Blaylock, Kenneth, 25 Blount, WintonM., 228 Blue skying, 118 Bonneville PowerAdministration, 48, 174 Index Boston, 2, 14, 37, 216, 223, 230 Boston University, 40, 210 "Boulwarism," 129, 245 Bowen U.S Postal Services (1983), v 94, 306-307 Brennan,Justice, 57 Bridgeport, Connecticut, 82, 139, 168 Brotherhoodof Railway Clerks v Allen (1963), Buffalo, 151 Bush, George, 54, 127, 173, 189 Business unionism, Buy-outs, 169 California, 8, 30, 33, 37, 40, 44, 60, 67, 68, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 106, 142, 165, 183, 199, 200, 229, 235, 238, 264, 286, 321, 328 California State Employees Association (CSEA),35, 78, 129 California State University, 39 California Teachers Association (CTA), 78 Camden,NewJersey, 208 Campbell,Allan (Scotty), Carey, Ron, 12 Carofanov City of Bridgeport (1985), 279 Carpenters union, Carter, Jimmy,39, 51, 127 Celeste, Richard, 62 Chandler, Wyeth, 244-246 Charleston, South Carolina, Charlotte, 210 Chase, Robert, 38, 39, 334, 338 Chatham Assn of Ed v Bd of Public Education (1974), Chelsea, Massachusetts, 210 Chicago, 13, 62, 234, 249 Chicago Teachers Union v Hudson (1986), Cigar makers union, Cincinnati, 230-231 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 59, 152, 187, 309 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 59 Index Civil Rights Movement, 243 Civil Service Commission, 178 13, Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA),12, 24, 45, 48, 49, 51-54, 80, 89, 100, 175, 183, 184, 191, 192194, 201,210, 214, 229, 234, 261,307, 317 Civil service system, 179 Civil War,3, 171 Classification Acts of 1923and 1949, 171 Classified civil servants, 173-174 Cleveland, 14, 82, 139, 190, 335,337 Cleveland Boardof Education v Loudermill (1985), Clinton, WilliamJ., 17, 28, 53, 55, 127, 189, 191, 193, 256, 340, 343 Coalition of AmericanPublic Employees (CAPE), Collective bargaining, 81-137, 259, 293-298, 343-344 agreement, 293-298 administering, 297-298 contents, 294-296 disseminating, 296-297 and budgetmaking, 140-145 certification of unit, 94 concession bargaining, 119-122 determinationof bargaining unit, 8692 consolidationof units, 89 criteria, 87-91 size considerations, 88-89 elements of, 86-107 federal employees,174-175 major provisions, 70-73 administrative agency, 70-71 employee rights, 70 employer rights, 70 impasseresolution, 72 recognition procedures,71 scope of bargaining, 52, 71-72, 200 union security, 72-73 unit determination, 71, 86-92 and merit system, 181-185 participants, 95-107 381 [Collective bargaining] politics of, 113-127 process of, 113-137, 145 preparation, 114-116 duty to bargain, 116-117 meetings, 117-119 public/private sector differences, 8186 representation election, 92-94 Colorado,4, 8, 30, 60, 63, 65,235, 264, 278-279, 286 Commonwealth Hunt (1842), 2, v Communications Workers of America, 337 Comparableworth, 151-153 Compensation, 139-175, 200-201 328 bugdetaryprocess, 141 and cost increase responses, 167-168 and effects of public employee unions, 160-167 federal employeeunions, 171-175 monetary impacts, 154-156 political factors, 148-154 position classification, 200-201 productivity bargaining, 168-171 public/private sector differences, socioeconomic factors, 146-148 state/local employeeunions, 140-159 Condon-Wadlin Act (NewYork), 253 Congressof Industrial Organizations (CIO), 5, Connecticut,8, 30, 60, 70, 91, 100, 142, 151, 153, 184, 186, 260, 264, 280-281 Contracts, 94-107, 142-144 late settlements, 142-144 negotiations, 94-107 participants, 95-107 management (federal, local, and state), 98-105 public, 105-107 union, 95-98 CookCounty,Illinois, 47 Coolidge, Calvin, 14, 222, 230 Coordinated Federal WageSystem (CI:NV’S),172-173 382 Cornelius v Nutt (1985), 318 Cost of living, 146, 149, 150 Council of State Government, 101 CountySanitation District v Los Angeles County EmployeesAssociation, Local 660 (1985), 235, 238 Count of Washingtonv Gunther(1981), 152 Cramp,E H ("Boss"), 243 Dade County ClassroomTeachers Association v Ryan(1968), Dearborn Firefighters Local 412 v City of Dearborn(1975), 279 Delaware,8, 30, 60, 70, 184, 264 DeLury, John, 125 De novo, 310, 314 Denver, 38, 286 Departmentof Defense Directive 1354.1,234 Depression of 1873, Detroit, 139, 165, 169-170, 206, 230, 234, 247, 280 Disabilities, 212 Dismissals, 204-205 District of Columbia, 41, 72, 123, 25, 234 Doctrine of privilege, 47 Drug testing, 213-214 Dunlop, John, 285 Eight-hour work day, Ellis v RailwayClerks (1984), 75-76 EmployeeAssistance Program (EAP), 213 Employee discipline, 204 EmployeeInvolvement Programs, 338 Employee organizations (public), 3435 Employeeselection, 196-197 Employment Relationship Policy, 52 Employment Retirement Income Security Act (1974), Engler, John, 332 Equal EmploymentCommission, 300, 310, 317 Index Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 59, 147, 187 of 1964, 187 Eugene, Oregon, 282 Executive Orders, 10988,14, 19, 23, 26, 49-50, 69, 260, 317 11491, 50-53, 229, 260, 317 11616, 51, 317 11838, 51 12871,52, 55, 191, 193, 340, 343 Fact-finding, 260, 262, 269-273 advantages/disadvantages, 272-273 process, 270-272 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),5758, 59, 309 Fair share, 24 Fall River Education Association, 253 Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), 59 Farm Equipment Workers, Fawley Agreement(1960), Featherbedding, 206 Federal BankruptcyCode, 122, 168 Federal Dispute Resolution Board, 300 Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), 54, 87, 94, 100, 183, 52, 214, 255, 260, 294, 300, 307, 310, 317-318 Federal Labor Relations Council (FLRC),50, Federal Managers Association, 27 Federal Mediationand Conciliation Services (FMCS), 53, 26051, 263, 268, 284, 311,313, 318, 319, 321 Federal Pay Comparability Act of 1970, 171, 173 of 1990, 173 Federal Services ImpassePanel (FSIP), 51, 53, 260 Feldman,Sandra, 39, 334, 337 Fifth Amendment, 213 Firefighters v City of Cleveland(1986), 190 First Amendment, 47, 73-75, 76 46, Index First WorldWar,4, 6, 222 Fiscal capacity, 147 Fisherman’s Union, Flextime, 203 Flint, Michigan,38, 170 Florida, 8, 30, 33, 60, 68-69, 93, 106, 107, 264, 271,272, 278, 300 Florida Public Employee Relations Act (1974), Fog Index, 296 Ford, Gerald, 127 Fourteenth Amendment, 187, 213 47, Fourth Amendment,213 Fraternal Orderof Police (FOP), 23, 36, 42, 68, 223 Free riders, 24, 26, 28, 54, 72, 76 Gagrules, 48-49 Gain sharing, 169-171,343 Garcia v San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985), Georgia, 8, 30, 60, 64, 253, 264 Gerardi, Robert J., 251 Goldberg, Arthur, 49 Golden Handshake, 167 Gompers, Samuel, 4-6 Gore, A1, 17, 55, 191 Gotbaum,Victor, 95 Gould,Jay, Great Depression,3, 6, 168 Grievances, 203-204, 302-317, 339 arbitration, 51, 53, 260, 302, 307317 arbitrability, 308-309 arbitrator, 310-312 binding, 304 court review, 309-310 problems, 312-314 standards, 314-317 causes, 300 expedited arbitration, 318-319 in federal employment, 300, 317 mediation, 320-322 procedures, 298-300 fair representation, 306 steward, 305 383 Harpoon, The, 13 Hartford, Connecticut, 124, 205, 312 Hatch Act, 127 Hawaii, 8, 30, 60, 68-69, 71, 100, 142, 235-236, 247, 264 Hawaii Public EmployeeRelations Act (1970), Hawaii United Public WorkersUnion, 253 Health issues, 211 Hell on Wheel/New Directions, 97 Hill, Joe, HIV, 212-213 Hines v Anchor Motor Freight (1976), 306 Hoffa, JamesP., Jr., 12 Holmes,Justice, 45 Hutcheson,William L., Idaho, 4, 8, 30, 61, 106, 235,264 Illinois, 8, 9, 30, 40, 44, 61, 62, 70, 184, 229, 235-236, 239, 264, 278 Illinois State Employees Association, 35 Impasse Resolution, 259-292 Indiana, 8, 30, 40, 61, 67, 80, 264, 278, 285 Indianapolis, 210, 335 Indianapolis EducationAssn v Lewallen (1969), Industrial Workersof the World(IWW) ("Wobblies"), 3-4 Injunctions, 251-252 permanentinjunction, 251 preliminary injunction, 251 temporary restraining order, 251 Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1970, 179 International Associationof Firefighters (IAFF), 14, 34, 36, 41, 88, 190, 223, 244 International Association of Machinists (IAM), 7, International Association of Machinists and Airspace Workers, 25 International Association of Machinists v Street (1961), 384 International Brotherhood Electrical of Workers, International Brotherhoodof Police Offleers (IBPO), International Brotherhoodof Teamsters (IBT), 7, 19, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 247, 326 International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers, 25 International Longshoremen’s Wareand housemen’sUnion, 4, 326 International TypographiealUnion (ITU), International Unionof Police Associations (IUPA), Iowa, 8, 30, 61, 90, 106, 142, 148, 153 264, 284, 288, 289, 301 Iowa’s Public Employee Relations Board, 105 Iron law of oligarchy, 96 Jackson, Andrew, 12 Jefferson County, Kentucky, 67 Johnson, Lyndon B., 13, 17, 50 J P Stevens Company, 32 "Justice for Janitors," 22, 336 Kansas, 8, 30, 61, 106, 264 Karahalios v NFFE (1989), 307 Keiss Act, 171 Kennedy,John F., 14, 19, 49, 317 Kentucky, 8, 30, 61, 67-68, 80, 264 KentuckyNurses Association, 68 Keyeshian v Board of Regents (1967), 46 King, Dr Martin Luther, Jr., 244 Knights of Labor, 5-6, 13 Knoxville, 223 Korean War, 240 Labor ManagementCommittee, 285286, 338, 340, 343 Labor Management Relations Act (1947) (Taft-Hartley Act), 9-10, 48, 49, 72, 73, 89-90, 224, 233, 234, 294, 307 Index Labor Management Reporting an0 Disclosure Act (1959) (Lan~l~m: Griffin Act), 9, LaborersInternational Union,7, 3,6, Lakewood,Colorado, 286 Layoffs, 183, 189, 197, 204-20:5 Lehnertv, FernsFaculty As.so~i.ation (1991), Lewis, Drew, 255 Lewis, John L., Lindsey, John, 96 Lloyd-Lafollette Act (1912), 13, 48, 228 Local 189, United Papermakersand CrownZellerback Corp v United States (1969), 189 Loeb, Henry, 243 LongIsland, 118 Los Angeles, 22 Los An~geles United.Schoo!Distn.’9~, 199 Louisiana,8, 30, 61, 62, 66, 235, _264 Louisville, Kentucky,67 MacKay Doctrine, 10, 2_25 Maier, Henry, 139 Maine, 8, 30, 61, 67, 106, 119~151, 199, 264, 273, 300 Malek Doctrine, 180 Maryland,8, 30, 61, 80, 229-230, 253, 264, 278-279 Marylandv Wirtz (1968), Massachusetts,2, 8, 14, 30, 61, 70, 106, 142, 153, 183, 184, 253, 264, 275, 284, 285, 291,319, 321, 340 Massachusetts Labor ManagementCommittee for MunicipalPolice and Fire, 285 Massachusetts State Employees Association, 35 McAuliffe v, City of NewBedford (1982), 45-46 McEntree,Gerald, 12, 36, 152, 334 McLaughlin Tilendis (1967), v, Meany, George, Index Mediation, 262-269, 320-322 advantages/disadvantages, 268-269 grievance, 320-322 process, 263-265 strategies, 266-268 Mediation and Arbitration (Med-Arb), 284-285 "Meet and confer," 67, 69, 116 Memphis, 189, 243-246 Memphis Firefighters Local Union No 1784v Stotts (1984), 189 MemphisFormula, 64 Memphis Police Association (MPA), 244-246 Merit pay, 151 Merit principle, 178, 185-192 Merit systems, 16, 178-185, 198, 201, 299 Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB),173, 179, 300, 317-318 Metal Trades Council (MTC),25, Miami,Florida, 341 Michigan,8, 9, 30, 40, 59, 61, 70169, 183, 229, 234, 251-252, 253, 264, 270, 276, 277, 282-283, 289, 292, 321,332 Middletown,Connecticut, 216 MidwestCenter for Public Sector Labor Relations, 285 Milwaukee, 139 Minneapolis, 38 Minnesota,8, 30, 61, 76, 142, 153, 183, 216, 235-236, 239, 264, 278, 281,309 Mirandav Arizona (1966), Mississippi,8, 29, 30, 35, 61, 62, 63, 264 Missouri, 8, 31, 61,234, 264 Moffett, Kenneth, 254 Molly Maguires, Monopsony, 147-148 Montana,8, 31, 61, 153, 235-237, 264 Moscone, George, 166 Multiemployerbargaining, 91-92 National Academy Arbi~ators of (NAA),262, 308, 311 385 NationalAir Traffic Controllers’ Association (NATCO), 27, 175, 256 25, National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees (NAPFE), National Association of Collectors of Internal Revenue,26 National Association of Government Employees(NAGE),13, 25, 27, 35, 42 National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC),13, 27, 124 National Association of Police Officers (NAPO), National Association of Social Workers (NASW), National Center for Dispute Settlement, 262 National Education Association (NEA), 14, 19, 22, 36, 38, 39-40, 66, 68, 154, 188, 330, 334, 337-338 National Federation of Federal Employees (NFFE),13, 25-26, 52, 191 National Federation of Post Office Clerks, 13 National Governor’s (Conference) Association, 57 National Health and Human Services Union, 42 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (Wagner Act), 13, 28, 33, 40, 42, 47, 49, 52, 55, 64, 71-72, 76, 79, 90, 116, 174, 224, 234, 260, 326, 339, 343 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 27, 32, 48, 87, 92, 10, 94, 294, 339 National Leagueof Cities v Usury (1976), 57-58, National Partnership Council, 191, 342 National Performance Review (NPR), 191 National Postal Mail Handlers, 27 National Productivity Council (NPC), 191 National Public EmployeeRelations Act (Clay-PerkinsBill), 386 National Public Employment Relations Commission (NPERC), National Rural Letters Carriers Association, 27 National Teachers Association (NTA), 14 National Trades Union, National Treasury EmployeesUnion (NTEU),25-26, 36, National Unionof Police Officers (NUPO), National WagePolicy Committee, 172 Nebraska, 8, 30, 61, 183, 234, 264, 278 Nevada,8, 30, 61, 91, 106, 253, 264, 282 New Hampshire,8, 30, 61, 70, 142, 183, 210, 264 NewHaven, Connecticut, 151 New Jersey, 8, 30, 61, 76, 106, 165, 210, 214, 264, 280-281,282, 284, 288, 292, 300 New Mexico, 8, 30, 33, 44, 61, 70, 264 NewOrleans, 13, 39 New York, 8, 9, 13, 30, 35, 38, 61, 70, 71, 100, 125, 151, 165, 183, 234, 263, 264, 272, 275, 277, 280, 282, 287, 289, 291,300, 337, 340 New York City, 2, 82, 89, 91, 119, 139, 150, 165, 181, 186, 194, 200, 223, 249, 291,292, 337, 194 New York City’s Office of Collective Bargaining (OCB),105 New York City’s Sanitation Unit, 125 New York City Social Service Employees Union, 215 New York City Transit Authority, 118, 199 New York City Transit Worker’s Union, 97 New York City Uniformed Firefighters Association, 197 New York City United Federation of Teachers, 38 NewYork Taylor Law, 253 Index Nixon, Richard, 52, 214, 228, 261 NLRB Health Care and Retirement v Corporation of America (1994), 43 NLRBv Mackay Radio and Telegraph (1989), 225 NLRB Yeshiva (1980), 40, v Nonprofit organizations, 79 Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932), 251 North Carolina, 8, 9, 14, 29, 31, 35, 47, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 264, 332 North Dakota,8, 31, 59, 61, 106, 263, 264 NTEU Van Raab (1989), 214 v Oakland,California, 78 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA),59, 211 Office of Labor Management Relations, 52 Office of Management Budget and (OMB),173, 210 Office of Personnel Management (OPM),52, 172, 173, 179, 200 Ohio, 8, 31, 35, 44, 61, 62, 70, 71, 184, 229, 234, 235-237, 239, 264, 271-272, 277, 279, 282, 284, 289, 321,340 Ohio State Employment Relations Board, 102, 272 Oklahoma,8, 29, 30, 61,264 Oklahoma City Police Department, 277 Oklahoma Firefighters’ and Policemen’s Arbitration Act, 277 Omaha,8, 13 OMB Circular A-76, 210 Opportunity wage, 147 Orange, California, 169-170 Oregon, 8, 31, 61, 91, 153, 237, 264 Organizational development,136 Parity, 149-151 Participative Decision Making(PDM), 338-344 Pawtucket, RhodeIsland, 251 Index Pendleton Act (1883), 48, 51, 127, 178 Pennsylvania,3, 8, 9, 31, 61, 183, 223, 229, 234, 235-237, 238-239, 264, 281-284, 289 Peoria, Illinois, 341 Personnel, 177-218 management rights, 192-195 management structure, 195-196 policies, 206-217 processes, 196-206 Personnel Act of 1970, 179 Philadelphia, 2, 5, 82, 210, 234, 343 Phoenix, 210, 335 Pickering v Boardof Education, (1963), 47 Poli, Robert, 254 Political action committees(PAC), 124 Portland, Maine, 342 Portsmouth,Virginia, 41 Position classification, 200-202 Postal ReorganizationAct (1970), 27, 52, 55, 194, 229, 262, 273 Post Office Women Equal Rights for (POWER), Powderly, Terence V., Prevailing wage, 149, 171-172 Privatization, 209-211 Productivity bargaining, 168-171 buyouts, 169 gainsharing, 169-171 Professional Air Traffic Controller’s Organization (PATCO), 175, 27, 331,340 Promotions, 198-199 Propositions 13 &226, 78-79, 328 Public Employee Organization to PromoteLegislative Equality (PEOPLE), 36-37, 126 Public EmployeeRelations Board (PERB), 262, 269 Public Law330, 234 Quality Circles, 338, 342 Quality of WorkLife program, 338 Quill, Mike, 96, 118 387 Railway Employee Department, IAMv Hanson (1956), 75-76 Railway Labor Act of 1926, 47-48, 75 RamseyCounty, Missouri, 342 Reagon,Ronald, 173, 180, 189, 214, 225, 255-256, 331,340 Recruitment, 151, 158, 180, 183, 196198 Reductions in force, 167, 205-206 Referendums, 286-287 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 212-213 Rehnquist, Justice, 57-58 Reinventing government, 185, 191-192, 328, 329, 331,334, 335, 340, 344 Revolutionary War, Reynolds v Simms(1964), RhodeIsland, 9, 30, 61, 70, 119, 183, 264 Rhodes, James, 62 Rhodes-JohnsonBill, 49 Right-to-work laws, 10, 28, 73-74 Rochester, NewYork, 202 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 52, 260 Roosevelt, Theodore,13, 48, 228, 260 Rutgers University, 39 Salt Lake City, 208, 234 San Antonio, 14 San Diego, 22, 78, 223 San Francisco, 151, 166, 286 San Francisco Bay Area United Sanitation District, 341 San Francisco Boardof Supervisors, 166 San Jose, 122, 152 San Rafael, 286-287 Santa Barbara, 78 Scheduling, 202-204 School District for the City of Holland et al v HollandEducationAssociation (1968), 251-252 Schultz, GeorgeP., 50, 228 Scope of bargaining, 192-196, 203, 210, 302, 309, 331 Senior Executive Service (SES), 27, 172 Seniority, 184-187, 189, 197-198 388 Service E~nployeesInternational Union (SEIU), 7, 11, 19, 23, 27, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42, 79, 129, 188, 200, 243, 330, 334, 336, 337 Shanker, Albert, 39, 334, 337 Stcinner v, RailwayLaborExecutives’ Association (1989), 214 Smith v, Arkansas HighwayCommission Employees Local 1315 (1979), Srooking, 211-212 Soc_ial Security Act of 1935, 59 Social Security Act of 1940, 179 Society of Master Cordwainers, $9~t~ Cam~!ina, 29, 30, 35, 61, 62, 9, 63, 65, 66, 148, 214, 264 South Carolina EducationAssociation, 66 South Dakota, 9, 31, 61,265, 278-279 Sovereignty, Doctrine of, 15-16, 46, 65, 81,230-257 Stare decisis, 314, 316 State University of New York, 39 Steelworkers Trilogy, 307, 309-310 Strikes, 221-258 1886Knights of Labor Strike, alternatives to, 259-292 baseball, 242-243 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) strike, (1997), 243, 247 BostonPolice Strike (1919), 14, 16, 222-223, 234, 249, 329 Charleston, South Carolina Hospital Workers’Strike (1969), Connecticutlegislators strike (1911), 221 contingency planning, 250-251 definition, 223-224 frequency, 224-230 general strikes, 230 Government Prir~t.i_ng Office (1863), 221 graduatedst~ke., 248 legislation, 234-238 KansasCity, MissouriFirefighters strike, (1979), 256 managementinvolvement, 249-251 Massachusetts Moth Workers, 221 Index Memphis Sanitation Strike (1968), 65, 243-246 naval shipyard strike in 1836, 1,221 New Orleans Police Strike (1979), 247-248 New York City Transit Strike (1966), 96, 247 NewYork City welfare caseworkers strike, 203 nonstoppagestrike, 248 penalties, 252-257 Postal WorkersStrike of 1970, 24, 52, 228-229 Postal WorkersStrike of 1990, 247 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981, 225, 253-256, 258, 340 public policy, 238-239 reasons for, 239-247 right to, 230-247 San Francisco Police &Fire Fighter Strike (1975), 166 San Francisco Probation Officers strike, 203 tactics, 247-257 United Postal Service Strike (Teamsters) of 1997, 333 Watertown (New York) Arsenal s~rike, 221 Sturdivant, John, 25 Sunshine laws, 106-107 Sutherlin EducationAssociation v Sutherlin School District No 130 (1976), 215 Surveys, 149-150 Sweeney, John J., 10-11,325-326, 334 SweeneyRevolution, 22 Tacoma, Washington, 152, 169-170 Taft, William Howard,48, 228 Taft-Hartley Act (1947) (see Labor Management Relations Act) Tampa, 206 Task Force on Employee-Management Relations, 317 Taylor, Frederick W., Index Teasdale, Joseph, 256 Technology, 154, 183, 206-207, 326, 328-330, 335 Ten-hour work day, Tennessee, 9, 29, 31, 61,265 TennesseeValley Authority, 48, 52, 101, 171-172, 174, 201 Tenth Amendment,57-58 Texas,9, 29, 31, 61, 66, 214, 234, 265, 286 Thornton, John, 256 Tobaccoand Allied Workers, Total Quality Management (TQM), 338, 342 Training/development, 199-200 Transport Workers Union (TWU),43, 96, 118 Truman, Harry, 260 Trurnka, Richard, 12 Unfair Labor Practices (ULP), 54, 7677, 93, 123, 260, 287, 295, 338 Unions, and budgetmaking, 140-145 challenges, 327-335 fiscal, 327-328 public policy, 330-331 strategic, 331-335 structural, 328-330, 335 decline in, 10-12, 325-327 duty of fair representation, 306 employee commitment, 341 federal government,23-28, 43, 48-55 free riders, 24, 26, 28, 54, 72, 76 functionally specific, 37-43 education, 37-41 health care, 42-43 protective services, 41-42 general purpose, 35-37, 41 growth, 16-20 history, 45-79, 88, 122 impact on personnel functions and policies, 177-218 membership,2, 3, 6-11, 20-23, 28, 33, 35, 36, 43, 97, 325-326, 328, 336, 344 389 IUnions] minorities, 7, 11, 16, 19, 21, 25, 28, 37, 178, 188-191,329-330 mixed, 34-35, 37, 334 opportunities, 335-344 private sector, 18-19 resistance tactics, 10-11, 32 security, 184, 185 state/local government,14, 28-44, 55 -79 union-busting, 3, 10, 33, 44, 325 women, 11, 21, 97, 153, 178, 1887, 191,329-330 United Auto Workers, United Civil Service Commission v Letter Carriers (1973), 127 United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers, United Federation of CommercialWorkers, United Mine Workers, United Nurses of America (UNA), United Office and Professional Workers, United Steel Workersof America, 7, 309, 319 United Transportation Union (UTU), 43 University of Connecticut, 39 University of Massachusettsat Amherst, 200 University of Pittsburgh, 40 Urban, A Walter, 13 Urban MassTransit Act (1964), 59, 64 Usery, WilliamJ., Jr., 228, 243 Utah, 4, 9, 31, 61,265, 278-279 VACA Sipes (1967), 94, 306 v Vallejo, Cafifornia, 151 Vanguards, 190 Velazco, Shelia K., 26 Vermont, 9, 31, 61,183, 234-237, 239, 263, 265 Vernon, Connecticut, 216 Viet NamWar, 17, 50, 240, 334 390 Virginia, 9, 29, 31, 61, 63, 64, 234, 265, 332 Virginia v Arlington CountyBoard of Education (1977), Wage-boardemployees, 172- i73 Wages, 162-164 WagnerAct (see National Labor Relations Act) Waron Poverty, 17 Washington,9, 31, 61, 67, 90, 152, 153, 183, 234, 265, 321 Washington County, Oregon, i52 Waters v WashingtonSteelworks (1974), 189 Watkins v Steelworkers Local 2369 (1975), 189 WestVirginia, 9, 31, 61, 63, 265 Westchester County, NewYork, 14 Wheatleyv City of Covington(1972), 168 Wilson, William, L., 13 Wilson, Woodrow,260 Wisconsin,9, 31, 60, 61, 72, 76, 91, 100, 153, 169, 235-237, 265, Index [Wisconsin] 281-282, 284-285, 288, 289, 292, 309, 342 WisconsinBureau of Collective Bargaining, 101 Wisconsin Employee Relations Commission, 102, 105 Wisconsin State EmployeesAssociation, 14 Workers’ Compensation, 214-21’3 Workfare, 198-199 WorkingFamily Party, 337 "Workingto the rule," 248 WorldWarII, 59, 234, 240, 307 Wurf, Jerry, 15, 36, 56, 180, 334 Wygantv Jackson Board of Education (1986), 189 Wyoming, 31, 59, 61,265, 273 9, Yale University, 40 Yellowdog contracts, Young, Coleman, 280 Zander, Arnold, 15 Zebulon, North Carolina, 169 ... nonprofit sectors The Reinventing Government Movement been incorporated into several chapters Inhas terest-based ("win-win")negotiation is a prominentthemein discussions of the bargainingprocessand... iii The Unions Today 23 The Legal Environmentof Public Sector Labor Relations 45 Fundamentals the Bargaining Process of 81 The Process and Politics of Public Sector Collective Bargaining 113 Financial.. .Labor Relations in the Public Sector PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAND PUBLIC POLICY A Comprehensive Publication Program Executive Editor JACKRABIN Professorof Public Administration Public Policy