AMERICA'S SECOND CRUSADE OTHER BOOKS BY WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN (1934) 19 17-1921 (1935) COLLECTIVISM: A FALSE UTOPIA (1936) JAPAN OVER ASIA (1937; rev ed 1939) THE CONFESSIONS OF AN INDIVIDUALIST (1940) THE WORLD'S IRON AGE (1941) CANADA TODAY AND TOMORROW (1942) THE RUSSIAN ENIGMA: AN INTERPRETATION (1943) THE UKRAINE: A SUBMERGED NATION (1944) AMERICA: PARTNER IN WORLD RULE (1945) THE EUROPEAN COCKPIT (1947) RUSSIA'S IRON AGE THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, William Henry Chamberlin AMERICA'S SECOND CRUSADE HENRY REGNERY COMPANY CHICAGO, 1950 Copyright 1950 HENRY REGNERY COMPANY Chicago, Illinois Manufactured in the United States of America by American Book-Knickerbocker Press, Inc., New York, N Y Contents PAGE INTRODUCTION I II vii THE FmsT CRUSADE 25 COMMUNISM AND FASCISM: OFFSPRING OF THE WAR III THE COLLAPSE OF VERSAILLES 40 IV DEBACLE IN THE WEST V "AGAIN AND AGAIN AND AGAIN" 71 95 VI ROAD TO WAR: THE ATLANTIC 124 ROAD TO WAR: THE PACIFIC 148 THE COALITION OF THE BIG THREE 178 VII VIII IX X THE MUNICH CALLED YALTA: WAR'S END 206 WARTIME ILLUSIONS AND DELUSIONS 232 XI POLAND: THE GREAT BETRAYAL 258 XII GERMANY MUST BE DESTROYED 285 XIII No 311 XIV CRUSADE IN RETROSPECT WAR, BUT No PEACE BmLIOGRAPHY 337 356 INDEX 361 Introduction THERE is an obvious and painful gap between the world of 1950 and the postwar conditions envisaged by American and British wartime leaders The negative objective of the war, the destruction of the Axis powers, was achieved But not one of the positive goals set forth in the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms has been realized There is no peace today, either formal or real Over a great part of the world there is neither freedom of religion nor freedom of speech and expression Freedom from fear and want is no~ an outstanding characteristic of the present age The right of national selfdetermination, so vigorously affirmed in the Atlantic Charter, has been violated ona scale and with a brutality seldom equalled in European history The full irony of the war's aftermath finds expression in the growing dependence of American foreign policy on the co-operation of former enemies, Germany and Japan Three countries on whose behalf Americans were told the war was being waged, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and China, are now in the camp of this country's enemies, so far as their present governments can achieve this purpose Much light has been thrown on World War II by the memoirs and papers of'such distinguished leaders and statesmen as Winston Churchill, Cordell Hull, Harry Hopkins, Henry L Stimson, and James F Byrnes A note of self-justification, however, almost inevitably intrudes in the recollections of active participants in such a momentous historic era It requires a mind of rare insight and detachment to recognize in retrospect that premises which were held as articles of faith during the war may have been partly or entirely wrong INTRODUCTION My book is an attempt to examine without prejudice or favor the question why the peace was lost while the war was being won It puts the challenging questions which are often left unanswered, perhaps even unthought of, by individuals who are deeply identified emotionally with a crusading war I should like to express gratitude to the following individuals for their kindness in discussing events and issues of the war with me: Mr Charles E Bohlen and Mr George F Kennan, of the State Department, Mr A A Berle, former Assistant Secretary of State, General William Donovan, former head of the ass, Mr Allen W Dulles, ass representative in Switzerland, former Ambassadors Joseph C Grew, William C Bullitt, and Arthur Bliss Lane I hasten to add that no one of these gentlemen is in the slightest degree responsible for the views expressed in this book In fact, I know some of them would disagree sharply with some of the conclusions expressed here However, they have all contributed to clarifying in my own mind the picture of America's Second Crusade which is herewith presented WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN Cambridge, Massachusetts May 3,1950 Vlll AMERICA'S SECOND CRUSADE , AMERICA S SECOND CRUSADE GOEBBELS, JOSEF The Goebbels Diaries, 1942-1943, translated and edited by Louis P Lochner Garden City, Doubleday, 1948 GREW, JOSEPH C Ten Years in Japan New York, Simon & Schuster, 1944· HASSELL, ULRICH VON Diaries, 1938-1944~ New York, Doubleday, 1947 HENDERSON, NEVILE M The Failure of a Mission, Berlin 1937-1939 New York, G P Putnam's Sons, 1940 }>' HITLER, ADOLF Mein Kampf, edited by John Chamberlain and others New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939 - - - My New Order, edited with commentary by Raoul de Roussy de Sales New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941 HOUSE, COLONEL EDWARD M The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, edited by Charles Seymour Boston, Houghton Millin, 1926 vols HULL, CORDELL Memoirs of Cordell Hull New York, Macmillan, 1948 vols JOHNSON, WALTER The Battle Against Isolation Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1944 KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD Economic Consequences of the Peace London, Macmillan, 1920 KOESTLER, ARTHUR The Yogi and the Commissar New York, Macmillan, 1945 §,/ LANE, ARTHUR BLISS I Saw Poland Betrayed Indianapolis, BobbsMerrill, 1948 LANGER, WILLIAM L Our Vichy Gamble New York, Alfred A Knopf, 1947· LATTIMORE, OWEN Solution in Asia Boston, Little, Brown, 1945 LEAHY, WILLIAM D I Was There New York, Whittlesey House, 1950 LEHRMAN, HAROLD A Russia's Europe New York, Appleton-Century""Crofts, 1947 """LIDDELL HART, B H The German Generals Talk New York, William Morrow, 1948 LIPPMANN, WALTER U S Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic Boston, Little, Brown, 1943 - - - U S War Aims Boston, Little, Brown, 1944 LYONS, EUGENE The Red Decade Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1941 MACDONALD, DWIGHT Henry Wallace: The Man and the Myth New York, Vanguard Press, 1948 MARKHAM, REUBEN H Tito's Imperial Communism Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1947 -Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke Boston, Meador, 1949 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY I MARSHALL, GEORGE C Report-The Winning of the War in Europe and the Pacific (Published for the War Department in co-operation with the Council on Books in Wartime.) New York, Simon & Schuster, 1945 MEARS, HELEN Mirror for Americans: Japan Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1948 MEHNERT, KLAUS AND HEINRICH SCHULTE Deutschland Jahrbuch- 949 Essen, West Verlag MENDELSSOHN, PETER DE Nuremberg Documents London, George Allen & Unwin, 1946 MIKOLAJCZYK, STANISLAW The Rape of Poland New York, Whittlesey House, 1948 t.,,"~eMILLIS, WALTER Road to War Boston, Houghton Miffiin, 1935 - - - This Is Pearl! The United States and Japan, 1941 New York, , William Morrow, 1947 "MORGENSTERN, GEORGE Pearl Harbor New York, Devin-Adair, 1947 MORGENTHAU, HENRY Germany Is Our Problem New York, Harper & Brothers, 1945 NAMIER, L B Diplomatic Prelude, 1938-1939 London, Macmillan, 194 Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939-1941 (Publication of the United States Department of State.) Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1948 NICOLSON, HAROLD Peacemaking, 1919 Boston, Houghton MifHin, 1933· ORTON, WILLIAM Twenty Years Armistice New York, Farrar & Rhinehart, 1938 PERKINS, FRANCES The Roosevelt I Knew New York, Viking Press, 1946 Polish-Soviet Relations, 1918-1943 Issued by the Polish Embassy, Washington, D.C "The Polish White Book, 1933-1939 Published by the authority of the Polish Government London, Hutchinson Prefaces to Peace One World, by Wendell L Willkie The Problems of Lasting Peace, by Herbert Hoover and Hugh Gibson The Price of Free World Victory, by Henry A Wallace Blue-print for Peace, by Sumner Welles Published jointly by Simon & Schuster, Doubleday, Doran, Reynal & Hitchcock, and Columbia University Press, 1943 RACZYNSKI, COUNT EDWARD The British-Polish Alliance, Its Origin and Meaning London, Melville Press 359 AMERICA'S SECOND CRUSADE ",;0,;:' REEL, A FRANK The Case of General Yamashita Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949 ROOSEVELT, ELLIOTT .l'\.s He Saw It New York, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1946 ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D Public Papers of Franklin D Roosevelt, Forty· eighth Governor of the State of New York, Second Term, 1932 Pub· Iished by the State of New York, 1939 ROTHFELS, HANS The German Opposition to Hitler Chicago, Henry Regnery, 1948 SCOTT, JOHN Duel for Europe Boston, Houghton Miffiin, 1942 SHERWOOD, ROBERT E Roosevelt and Hopkins New York, Harper & Brothers, 1948 STETTINIUS, EDWARD R., JR Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Con· ference, edited by Walter Johnson Garden City, Doubleday, 1949 STIMSON, HENRY L and MCGEORGE BUNDY On Active Service in Peace and War New York, Harper & Brothers, 1948 STOLPER, GUSTAV German Realities New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 194 TREVOR·RoPER, H R The Last Days of Hitler London, Macmillan, 1947· UNITED STATES CONGRESS JOINT COMMITTEE, ETC Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Committee of the United States Congress, 79th, first session, pursuant to S Con res 27, Washington, D.C., Governnlent Printing Office, 1946 ',39 vols UNITED STATES CONGRESS JOINT COMMITTEE, ETC Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack Pursuant to S Con res 27, 79th Congo Washington, D.C Gov· ernment Printing Office, 1946 UTLEY, FREDA The High Cost of Vengeance Chicago, Henry Regnery, 1949· WELLES, SUMNER Time for Decision New York, Harper & Brothers, 1944· WHEELER-BENNETT, JOHN W Munich: Prologue to Tragedy London, Macmillan, 1948 WHITE, WILLIAM ALLEN The Autobiography of William Allen White New York, Macmillan, 1946 WOLFE, HENRY The Imperial Soviets New York, Doubleday, Doran, 194°· Index Abwehr (German Counterintelligence), 294 Alexander, Marshal Sir Harold, 229, 23° Alfieri, Dino, Italian Ambassador to Germany, Allied blockade during W orId War I, 5-8; effect of German submarine on, Allied Control Council for Germany, 212 Allied Council in Paris, 261 Allied war crimes, 322 £f Alter, Viktor, 266 Amerasia, 255, 256 ' America First Bulletin, 115 America First Committee, 115-19, 145, 146; statement of principles, 115 American-British cross-channel invasion, 198 Anglo-German naval agreement, 55, 61 Anglo-Polish alliance, 61 Anti-Nazi movement in Germany, 293 £f Arms embargo clause, debate on, 102 Army Peat! Harbor Board investigation, 168, 171; Report to Secretary of War, 159; suppression of, 17 Assembly of National Liberation, 213 Atherton, Ray, 264 Atlantic Charter, reference to, 126, ° I 137, 19 6, 237, 240, 26 4, 26 5, 28 5, 290, 297, 315, 337-39~ 346, 35 1; Polish issue 264, 265; repudiation of, 240, 27 2, 283; text of, 14°-41; violation of, 216, 311, 322 fl., 337 fl Atlantic Monthly, 246, 249 Atomic Energy, Special Committee on, 253 Attlee, Clement, at Potsdam, 312 Austria, partition of, 332; rise of Nazism in, 52; under Schuschnigg dictatorship, 52 Axis, declaration of war on U S., 178 Axis peace offer to Britain, 105, 106 Axis surrender, 2.31 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 288 Balance of power after W orId War I 43 Baltic area, sovietizing of, 73, 82; Soviet invasion of, 82, 338 Battle of the Bulge, 331 Beck, Colonel Josef, Polish Prime Minister, 45 Beck, General Ludwig, 293 Belgium, German invasion of, 75 Benes, Eduard, Czechoslovak President, 53, 54, 229, 269, 270, 27 2, 35 Bentley, Elizabeth, 252, 305 Berle, Adolf, Assistant Secretary of State, 104 INDEX Berlin-Rome Axis, 48 Berlin,Soviet blockade of, 229 Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor of Germany, 11 Bevin, Ernest, 286; at Potsdam, 312, 321 Bliss, General Tasker, 17 Bohlen, Charles E., 211 Bolshevism, rise of, 27 Bombing Vindicated, quoted, 84 Bonnet, Georges, 54, 56 Bor-Komorowski, General T., 274 Borah, William E., Senator, 102 Brest-Litovsk, Peace of, 12 Britain, agreement with Japan (1939), 152-53; Anglo-Polish agreement, 57, 58, 68; committed to all-out victory, 106; Far-Eastern policy of, 152-54; Hitler peace proposal to, 83-85; Hitler's plan to invade, 85; lendlease to, 308; naval agreement with Nazi Germany, 46; zone of occupation in Germany, 212 British Intelligence Service, 10 British-Soviet agreement, 263 Brooks, C Wayland, Senator, 129 Bucar, Annabelle, attacks State Department, 251 Bu~ll, Raymond Leslie, Polish expert, 247 Bulgaria, Soviet occupation of, 204 Bulgarian purge, 204, 205 Bullitt, William C., Ambassador, 59, 99, 100, 186, 215; arranges French arms purchase, 100; suggests circumventing Neutrality Act, 100 Byrnes, James F., 208-11, 312, 320 ft Cadogan, Sir Alexander, at Dumbarton Oaks, 208; drafting of Atlantic Charter, 140, 142 Casablanca Conference, 286 £f Catholic Foreign Mission Society, 15 Cavell, Edith, 10 Central European federation, 270 Cerdo, Aguirre, President of Chile, 105 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 29 Chamberlain, Sir Neville, 57, 58, 64, 65, 69, 70, 101; acceptance of Hitler's demands in Czechoslovakia, 55, 56; British dissatisfaction with, 76; distrust of Russia, 59, 64; meetings with Hitler, 54, 55; opposition to Polish guarantee, 101, 102 Chambers, Whittaker, 25 1, 252, 305 Chiang Kai-shek, 157, 166, 197, 207, 237, 255, 25 6, 259 China, Communism in, 335; Japanese occupation of, 149-51; Mao Tsetung in, 259; Nationalist government of, 21 5, 255, 259; Soviet aggression in, 248, 259; Yalta agreement, 213-14 Chinese Communists, 21 5, 259 Christian Century, The, 110 Churchill, Winston, and W orId War II, 5, 7, 8, 50 ff., 74 £f., 106, 124 £f., 166, 179, 181-231; announces aid to Soviets, 138; appeal to U S for aid, 81; attempts to keep France in war, 78-80; efforts to draw U S intervention, 78-80, 106, 177; first wartime meeting with Roosevelt, 139-40; German issue, 286 ff., 308; German partition plan of, 302; opposes cross-channel invasion, 192; Polish issue, 264, 271, 272 fl.; at Potsdam, 312; at Quebec Conference, 307; requests lend-lease, 107, 108; requests American warships, 124, 125; seeks control of Greece, 203; supports partition of Poland, 182, 183; supports Tito in Yugoslavia, 200; at Teheran Conference, 19 6; visit to Moscow, (1942), 192; World Crisis, The, Ciano, Count, Italian Minister, 68; views on Pearl Harbor, 178 Ciechanowski, Jan, 250, 270, 271 Civil Service Commission, 252 Clay, General Lucius D., 229 Clemenceau, Georges, 18 362 INDEX Cobb, Frank, 4, 13 Collier's quoted, 302 Committee on Atomic Energy, 253 Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, 111-14, 145; advocates war, 114, 115; Women's Division, of New York, 113 Committee of Free Germans, z89 Committee on Un-American Activities, 25 Communism, characteristics of, 31-37; conquest through revolution, 179, 181; and "master race" concept, 36; role of the proletariat, 37; similarity to fascism, 31-37; spread of, 339 Communism in State Department, 254 Communism and fascism, offsprings of World War I, 25-39 Communist International, 262 Communist party in Russia, rise of, 27 Communist Poland, 281 if Communist sympathy in U S., postwar, 232-37 Communistic atheism, 35 Communistic militarism, 33 Communistic nationalism, 36 Congress of Versailles, 311 , 313 Congress of Vienna, 311 , 313 Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 23° Crimean War, 248 Cripps, Sir Stafford, as British Ambassador to Soviet Russia, 81 Crusade in Europe See Eisenhower, Dwight D Curzon Line in Poland, 261 Czechoslovakia, alliance with France, 53, 54; Communist coup d'etat, 229; as German satellite, 57; mobilization of, 53; separatist movement in, 57 Daladier, Edouard, 100 Dark Side of the Moon, The, 38 Davies, Joseph E., 245 Davis, Forrest, 185, 186 Dawes, Charles G., 119 Deane, General John R., 190, 191, 197 Declaration of war, World War I, 14 Denazification process, 32 7, 328 Dill, Sir John, 188 Doctrine of international revolution, 36 DolHuss, Engelbert, assassination of, 43, 52 Dooman, Eugene, 161, 255 Dulles, Allen W., 297, 300 Dumba, Constantin, Austrian Ambassador, 10 Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 208, 30~ Dunkirk, evacuation at, 75 Dunn, James C., 264 East Prussia, Potsdam agreement, 312 Economic Consequences of the Peace, 20 Economist (London), 322, 331 Eden, Anthony, 166, 263, 264, 276, 280, 297, 303; at Moscow Conference, 195, 196; at Potsdam, 312; at Yalta Conference, 212 Ehrlich, Henryk, 266 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 3, 227-29, 288, 291, 303; Crusade in Europe, Espionage Act, 232; violation of, 107 European Advisory Commission, 209, 227, 229, 302 Far Eastern Policy, U S., pre-war, 148169 Far Eastern Survey, 254 Fascism, characteristics of, 31-37; and the Church, 35, 36; and communism, offsprings of W orId War I, 25-39; principles of, 28; similarities to communism, 31-37 Fascistic militarism, 33 Fascistic nationalism, 36 Fay, Sidney B., 19 Field, Noel, 252 Fifth Seal, The, 241 363 INDEX Figaro, 315 Fight for Freedom, 120 324 ft.; anti-Semitism in, growth of, 30; denazification in, 327, 328; mdustry, postwar, 315 ft.; Kreisau circle, 293; Level of Industry agreement, 312, 331; London Statute, 354; Morgenthau Plan, 210, 237, 240, 25 2, 28 5, 286, 295, 300, 3048, 310, 316, 334, 347; oftense against Poland, 67-70; partition of, 209, 301; postwar, 354, 355; Potsdam agreement, 312 ft., 322; reparations commission in, 209; slave labor in, 210, 217; starvation in, postwar, 324 ft., 322; unconditional surrender of, 286 ft., 346; war crimes trials, 328-31; World War I reparations settlement, 18, 19; zones of occupation in, 212 Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 297 Goebbels, Josef, 36, 193, 286, 288, 29 , 34 Goebbe1s, Diaries, 35 Goerdeler, Karl Friedrich, 293, 298, 299 Gold, Harry, 254 Gore-McLemore resolution, 11 Goring, Hermann, 44, 50, 69; opposes Polish war, 69, 70 Greer incident, 143, 144 Grew, Joseph C., American Ambassador to Japan, 158, 161, 230, 255; meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Konoye, 161, 162; report to State Department, 162, 163 Grey, Sir Edward, 5, Gromyko, Andrei, 192, 193, 208 Groves, General Leslie, 253 Groza, Petru, 222 Grzybowski, Polish Ambassador to Moscow, 72 ~9, Finland, Russian aggression in, 73, 74 Five Year Plan of U.S.S.R., 179 Flynn, John T., 145, 146 Foo Ping-sheung, Chinese Ambassador, at Moscow Conference, 195, 196 Forced-labor system, 34 Formosa, 219 Forrestal, James, 172 Fotitch, Constantin, 131 Four Freedoms, 126, 137, 196, 285, 297, 337 ft., 35 Fourteen Points of Wilson, 16, 126 France, ~apitulation of, 75, 80; Czechoslovakian alliance, 53, 54; Germany, occupation zone, 212 Franco, Generalissimo Francisco, 51, 52, 85 Franco-Polish alliance, 61 Franco-Russian alliance, 47, 101 Franco Spain, 51, 52 Frankfurter, Felix, 351 Free World Association, 236 Fuchs, Dr Klaus, 253, 254 Gafencu, Grigore, Rumanian Ambassador to U.S.S.R., 87, 91 Gaulle, Charles de, 80, 212, 287 Gayn, Mark, 255 Gazeta Ludova, 282 German labor movement, 30 German-Polish nonaggression pact, 45 German slave labor, 314, 315, 323 German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 6668 German-Soviet rift, 86-c)2 German surrender, 228 German underground movement, 293 ft German White Paper, The, 59 Germany, after World War I, 40, 1, 43; aggression in Poland, 7°-72; aid to Franco Spain, 51; Allied loot of, Hacha, Emil, 57 Hackworth, Green H., legal adviser to State Department, 108 Hague Convention of 1907, violation of, 1°7 Halifax, Lord, 53, 57, 84, 203 364 INDEX Halsey, Admiral William, 239 Hankey, Rt Hon Lord, 292 Harper's Magazine, 131 Harriman, Averell, 222, 333; Polish issue, 275 ff Hassel, Ulrich von, 293,· 299 Haushofer, Albrecht, 91 Henderson, Sir Nevile, 50 Henlein, Konrad, 53, 54 Hess, Rudolf, 91 Hewitt, Admiral H K., 172 Hickenlooper, Senator Bourke B., 256 High, Stanley, 145 Hindenburg, Paul von, W orId War I commander, 15 Hirohito, Emperor, 220 Hiss, Alger, trial of, 252, 253; at Yalta Conference, 251 Hitler, Adolf, 43