CHINH TRI - KINH TE - XA HOI m* A CHU HGHIAXA HOI DAC SAC TRUNG tUOJ QUA TRINH HINH THANH VA PHAT T R M Tom tdt noi dung: Bai viet trinh bay va phan tich qua trinh nhan thflc ciia cac the he lanh dao khac eua Trung Qud'c ve CNXH, nhflng noi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic Trung Qud'c, sau dd neu len mot so' nhan x6t TUkhoa: Trung Qud'c, CNXH, XNXH dac sic Trung Qud'c PGS TS D TI^'N SAM Vien Nghien ctiu Trung Qudc C hu nghia xa hpi dac sic Trung Quo'c dupc hinh thdnh qua trinh cai each vd md cfla, la san ph^m cua sfl ke't hdp gifla nhflng nguyen Iy cd ban cua Chu nghia Mic vdi thflc te cu the cua Trung Quo'c Theo cic nha khoa hpc Trung Quo'c, day Id "thanh qua ly luan va thflc tiin to Idn, quan trpng dupc hinh q u i trinh tim tdi lau dai dUdng phat trien CNXH cua nhflng ngfldi cong san Trung Qudc tfl the he tdi the he khac"."' I QUA TRINH NHi^N THtTC CUA CAC THfe H £ LANH DAO KHAC NHAU TRUNG Q U d c \ t CNXH Do h o i n canh Ijch sfl cu thg k h i c ndn cac th§' h$ lanh dao khac cl Trung Quoc da c6 nhflng ly giai khac NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUOC stf 12(100) • 2000 ve CNXH, d i n den nhflng ke't qua khac The he lanh dao Mao Trach Dong Um dai bi^u The he lanh dao thfl nhd't Mao Trach Dong Idm dai bieu, tfl ndra 1935 sau gianh dUdc quyen lanh dao, ke't hdp ddng din, nen da t h i n h cong viec lanh dao nhan dan cic dan tpc Trung Qudc dflng Ien d i n h dd qua nui Idn (chu nghia de quo'c, chu nghia phong kie'n, chu nghia tU ban quan lieu) lap nen nUdc CHND Trung Hoa vao ngiy 1/10/1949 Ve sau, sau tien hanh thing ldi cong cupc khoi phuc va cai tao kinh t6', bat tay vao thflc hiSn ke hoach nam l i n thfl nha't, vdi tinh t h i n "thflc sfl ciu thj", Dai hpi VIII Dang Cong san T|£'N SAM Trung Quo'c (nam 1956) da n§u len nhflng suy nghi ve quy luat xay dflng CNXH, bade ddu dgt nen mdng cho dudng XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qudc Tuy nhien, sau dd, Iy giai mpt cich may mdc, giao dieu ve Chu nghia Mic, nha'n manh va tuyet do'i hda ly luan ve da'u tranh giai cd'p cua Chu nghia Mac, tfl neu len cac chu trUdng dudng ldi sai lam nhU "Id'y da'u tranh giai ca'p lam cUdng linh", "tie'p tuc cich mang khong ngflng dUdi nen chuyen chinh vo sin", "dd'u tranh cho'ng p h i i dUdng quyen di theo dUdng TBCN".v.v Ddng thdi, nhan thflc va d i n h gii sai lam ve thflc te dd't nfldc, d i n den nhflng quan diem non nong, y chi, ba't cha'p quy luat khach quan djnh cic chu trUdng chinh sach nhfl: "Dai nhay vpt", "Cdng xa nhan dan", "Cach mang vdn hoa".v.v khong danh gia dung dan thflc te Trung Qudc sau Cach mang v i n hda K i t qua cudi cung l i : quan di^m trSn hi phe phan tai Hpi nghi Trung fldng khoa XI Dang Cong san Trung Qudc (12/1978), cdn ban than Hoa Qudc Phong phai thoi gifl chflc Chu tjch Dang, uy vien Bp Chinh trj va Thu tudng Qudc vu vien Nh^n thurc cua the he lanh dao thur hai Dang Tieu Binh la dai bieu Viec ly giai giao dieu do'i vdi Chu nghia Mac cung vdi nhflng danh gia sai l i m v l thflc te da't nfldc da d i n d i n k i t qua la: kinh t l khong phat trien - tham chi dflng ben bd vflc sup dd, chinh trjxa hpi hon loan, khong dn djnh Sau gianh t h i n g Idi tai Hpi nghj Trung Udng khda XI, tap the t h i he lanh dao thfl hai Dang Tieu Binh la dai bieu, tren cd sd rut bai hpc kinh nghiem xay dflng CNXH d Trung Qudc trUdc day va cua t h i gidi, da nhan thflc v i suy nghi sau sac hdn ve chu de "thi n i o la chu nghia xa hpi va xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi n h u t h i nao" Tfl suy nghi do, phat bieu khai mac Dai hpi XII Dang Cong san Trung Quoc (nam 1982), Dang Tieu Binh da n§u len "ket hdp ehdn ly phd bien cda chu nghia Mdc vdi thiic te cu the cua nUdc ta (tdc Trung Qudc), di dUdng rieng cua minh, xdy diing CNXH cd dgc sdc Trung Qud'c." Sau ddp tan "be lu ten", mac du cd cong sfl ki§n tren, nhUng Hoa Qudc Phong - nha lanh dao cao nha't cua Dang v i Nha nUdc Trung Quo'c luc bd'y gid- lai neu len quan diem "Hai pham la" (pham la nhflng quyet sach cua Mao Chu tjch, chdng ta phai kien quyet ung hp, pham la nhflng chi thj cua Mao Chu tjch, chdng ta phai tuyet do'i tuan theo) Thflc cha't cua quan diem la mudri tilp tuc thuc hien Chu nghia Mao khong cd Mao Viec neu len quan diem cung la Day la lan dau tien, van kien chinh thflc cua Dang Cong san Trung Qudc de cap d i n khai niem "CNXH co dac sic Trung Qudc." Tfl day ve sau, vdi tinh than "giai phdng tU tudng, thflc sfl cau thj," Dang Tieu Binh v i tap the lanh dao da d i n dan neu len quan diem nhdm giai d i p cic vd'n de nhU: dUdng phat trien, giai doan p h i t trien, nhiem vu cdn ban, quy luat phat trien, bao dam chinh trj, budc di chien lUdc, Iflc Ifldng lanh dao va Iflc Ifldng la cho dUa v.v , tfl d6 NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUOC sif 12(100) - 2009 Chu nghTa xa hdi ddc sac Trung Qudc hinh nen he tho'ng Iy luan mang ten ong - ly luan Dang Tieu Binh Cdn ve mat thflc tiln, ong la ngUdi neu len chu trUdng "la'y xay dflng kinh t l lam trung tam", "bon nguyen tac cd ban", "cai each md cfla" md dUdng XHCN dac sic Trung Quo'c Nhan thurc cua the he lanh dao thur ba Giang Trach Dan lam dai bieu Tren cd sd k l thfla tinh than "giai phdng tu tudng, thflc sfl cau thj" va bd sung them tU tudng "tiln cdng thdi dai", tap the t h i he lanh dao thd ba Giang Trach Dan lam dai bieu da tilp tuc lam ro hdn nfla nhflng vd'n de Iy luan va thflc tien cua CNXH d Trung Qudc nhU: Quan diem mdi ve sd hdu, theo vai tro chu dao cua kinh t l cong hdu khong phai d ty trpng cao hay tha'p ma la sdc khong c b l va sflc anh hudng cua no (Dai hpi XV); bd tfl "c6" cum tfl "CNXH co dac sic Trung Qudc" viet "CNXH dac sic Trung Quoc" (Dai hpi XVI) Dac biet, n h i m tra ldi cau hdi "the nao la dang cam quyen va xay dflng ding cim quyen nhU t h i nao", Giang Trach Dan da neu len ly t h u y i t ve "ba dai dien", theo lin d i u tien dat van de Dang Cong s i n Trung Quo'c "dai dien cho yeu ciu p h i t trien cua Iflc lUdng s i n xuat tien tiln" thay cho quan diem dai dien cho "quan he s i n xud't tien tien" trUdc day Tfl do, Dang Cong s i n Trung Qud'c chu trUdng md rpng cd sd xa hpi cua Dang bing each k i t nap nhdng p h i n td tien tien cic "giai t i n g xa hpi mdi", cp t i n g ldp chu doanh nghiep tU nhan vao Dang Bdi le, n l u nhU trUdc day t i n g ldp ndy bj quy la "ke bdc lot" NGHliN CllU TRUNG QUOC sA 12(100) - 2009 "than phan" hp dUdc ddi "ngUdi xay dflng" sfl nghiep XHCN dac sac Trung Quo'c Nhu vay, vdi viec bd tfl "co" cum tfl "CNXH cd dac sic Trung Qudc" ma Dang Tieu Binh neu len trUdc day (Dai hpi XII) va neu len tu tUdng "ba dai dien" (Dai hpi XVI), nhan thdc ve CNXH cua tap the t h i he lanh dao thd ba Giang Trach Dan la dai bieu da ro rang hdn, sau sic hdn Tfl day, ly luan CNXH d Trung Quo'c hoan toan raang "tinh dac thd" Trung Qudc Nhan thirc cua the he lanh dao hien a Trung Qudc Ho Cam Dao lam Tdng Bl thu Vdi tinh than "ddng chu'nghia Mic phat trien de chi dao thflc tien mdi", tap the the he lanh dao hien d Trung Quo'c Hd Cam Dao la Tdng BI thu da tilp tuc bd sung, neu len cac quan diem mdi nhU "lay ngUdi lam goc" thay cho "lay dan lam goc" trUdc day, "phit trien khoa hpc" thay cho "phit trien la dao ly chung" trUdc day va ly luan ve xa hpi hai boa xa hpi chu nghia Dac biet, bao cao chinh trj dpc tai dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (15-102007), Tdng Bi thU DCS Trung Qudc Hd Cam Dao phan tich nguyen nhan can ban cua mpi tflu va tiln bp dat dUdc thdi ky cai cich md cfla d Trung Quo'c da nha'n manh, suy cho cdng chinh la: "Md dUdng XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc, hinh nen he tho'ng ly lUan' XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc" vi dudng XHCN ddc sdc Trung Qud'c, bio cio chi ro: Con dUdng XHCN Dd TI£N SAM dac sic Trung Quoc, chinh l i dfldi sfl lanh dao cua DCS Trung Quo'c, n i m vflng tinh hinh cd ban cua di't nfldc, li'y xay dflng kinh te lam trung tam, kien tri nguyen t i c cd ban, kien tri cai each md cfla, giai phdng va phat t r i l n sflc san xua't, cung co' va hoan thien c b l dp XHCN, xay dflng kinh t l thj trUdng XHCN, chinh trj dan chu XHCN, vdn boa tien t i l n XHCN, xa hpi hai hoa XHCN, xay dUng qudc gia hien dai h o i XHCN giau manh, dan chu, van rainh, h i i hoa Bao cao khang djnh: Con dUdng XHCN dac sac Trung Quo'c sd di hoan toan dung d i n , sd di co the d i n d i t Trung Qudc phat trien tien bp, md'u cho't la d cho vda phdi kien tri nhOng nguyen tac cd bdn cua CNXH khoa hgc, lgi vda phdi cdn cd vdo thiic te ddt nUdc, dgc triing thdi dgi vd dgc sdc Trung Quo'c ro ret Cud'i cung, bao cao nha'n manh: d Trung Qudc hien nay, kien tri dUdng XHCN dac s i c Trung Quo'c, chinh la chan chinh kien tri chu nghia xa hpi la hi thdng ly ludn md khdng ngiitng phat tri§n Bao cao da r u t nhan x6t khai quat cho rang: Chu nghia Mac cKi c6 k i t hdp vdi tinh hinh da't nfldc, tiln bp cung vdi sU phat trien cua thdi dai, cung chung vdn menh vdi q u i n chung n h i n dan, thi mdi cd sflc song, sflc sang tao, sflc cam chilu to Idn Cud'i cung bao cao khang djnh: d Trung Quo'c hien nay, kien tri he tho'ng Iy luan XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc, chinh la chan chinh kien tri chu nghia Mac Nhu vay, d i n Dai hpi XVII (2007) CNXH dac sdc Trung Quo'c da djnh hinh vdi "rapt ngpn cd" (CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c la ngpn cd pha'n da'u doan k i t nhan dan cac dan tpc ca nfldc), "mpt ly luan" (tflc he thong ly luan CNXH dac sac Trung Quoc) va "mpt dUdng" (tflc dudng XHCN dac sac Trung Qudc) Day cung chinh la k i t qua cua mpt qua trinh 60 ndm, dd 30 ndte tiln hanh cai each md cfla nhdm tim toi giai quylt vd'n de phat trien cua Trung Quo'c vi ly luan XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qud'c, Dieu mpt Ian nfla dUdc Tong BI thU, bio cao chi ro: He tho'ng Iy luan XHCN Chu tjch nUdc Hd Cam Dao b i i dac sic Trung Qudc bao gdm ly luan dien van Ky niem 60 nam Quo'c khanh Dang Tieu Binh, tu tudng quan trpng Trung Qudc khang djnh: Chi c6 CNXH "ba dai dien" va quan diem p h i t trien mdi C the cflu Trung Quo'c, chi cd cai O khoa hpc He tho'ng ly luan nay, kien tri cich md cfla mdi co the p h i t trien Trung va p h i t trien chu nghia M i c - Lenin, tU Quo'c, p h i t trien CNXH, phat trien chu tudng Mao Trach Dong , la qua nghia Mic mdi nha't cua viec Trung Quo'c hoa chu n M O T sd NOI DUNG CO BAN CUA nghia Mac, la tai san chinh trj va tinh than quy h i u nha't cua Dang, la nen L^ LUAN V^ CNXH DAC SAC TRUNG tang tu tudng chung cua nhan dan cic QUOC dan tpc toan qudc doan k i t pha'n di'u Nhu da neu d tren, CNXH dac sac Tuy nhien, b i o cao khdng djnh: He Trung Quo'c la mpt he thd'ng Iy luan dUdc thdng ly l u i n XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc nha lanh dao Dang Tieu Binh neu Ien, NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUOC sif 12(100) - 2009 Chii nghTa xa hoi ddc sdc Trung Quoc sau dd tilp tuc bd sung va hoan thien qua trinh cai each md cfla Cho den nay, he tho'ng ly luan da budc d i u dUdc djnh hinh vdi bon tru cot chinh la kinh t l , chinh tri, van hda va xa hpi Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc dat va'n de : N h i m thich flng vdi nhflng biln ddi mdi cua tinh hinh nfldc va quo'c t l , dap flng ky vpng mdi cd dUdc cupc song tot dep hdn cua nhan dan cac dan tpc, DCS Trung Quo'c phai n i m vflng xu t h i va quy luat phat triSn kinh t l xa hpi, kien tri rauc tieu cd ban xay dflng kinh t l , chinh trj, van boa, xa hpi XHCN dac sic Trung Quo'c Ve mat kinh te Co thd ndi, cai cich md cfla d Trung Qudc tfl b i t d i u da di theo hudng kinh t l thj trUdng Tuy nhien, raai din Dai hpi XIV (1992) Dang Cong s i n Trung Qudc mdi chinh thflc neu Ien muc tieu xay dung the c b l kinh t l thj trUdng XHCN; sau do, Iy ludn ve kinh t l thj trUdng dupc hodn thien qua cic quylt djnh cua Hpi nghj Trung Udng khda XIV (11/1993) va Hpi nghj Trung Udng khda XVI (10/2003) cua Dang Cong san Trung Quo'c; theo dd, npi dung chu ylu bao gdm: Phat huy vai tro mang tinh cd sd cua thi trUdng viec s i p xip cac ngudn Iflc, tang cUdng sflc song va sflc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep, kien tri the cbl dieu tilt vi mo, hodn thi§n chflc nang quan ly va djch vu cong cua chinh phu, tao sfl bao dam ve mat the c b l cho viec xay dflng toan dien xa hpi kha gia v.v Dai hoi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007) dat va'n de: Phai nhan thflc sau sic hdn NGHliN CliU TRUNG QUOC s