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Edited by Lungisile Ntsebeza & Peter Kagwanja
South Africa 2008
Edited By Peter Kagwanja & Kwandiwe Kondlo
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Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
First published 2009
ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2199-4
ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2285-4
© 2009 Human Sciences Research Council
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily
reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’)
or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this
publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual
author concerned and not to the Council.
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Contents
List of tables and figures vii
Foreword ix
Acronyms xii
Introduction: Uncertain democracy - elite fragmentation and
the disintegration of the ‘nationalist consensus’ in South Africa xv
Peter Kagwanja
Part I: Politics
1 The Polokwane moment and South Africa’s democracy at the crossroads 3
Somadoda Fikeni
2 Modernising the African National Congress:
The legacy of President Thabo Mbeki 35
William M Gumede
3 The state of the Pan-Africanist Congress in a democratic South Africa 58
Thabisi Hoeane
4 Black Consciousness in contemporary South African politics 84
Thiven Reddy
Part II: Economics
5 The developmental state in South Africa: The difficult road ahead 107
Sampie Terreblanche
6 Globalisation and transformation of the South African merchant navy:
A case of flag of (in)convenience shipping? 131
Shaun Ruggunan
7 Service delivery as a measure of change:
State capacity and development 151
David Hemson, Jonathan Carter and Geci Karuri-Sebina
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8 The state of our environment:
Safeguarding the foundation for development 178
Donald Gibson, Amina Ismail, Darryll Kilian and Maia Matshikiza
Part III: Society
9 Beyond yard socialism: Landlords, tenants and social power
in the backyards of a South African city 203
Leslie Bank
10 Internationalisation and competitiveness in South African
urban governance: On the contradictions of aspirationist
urban policy-making 226
Scarlett Cornelissen
Part IV: South Africa, Africa and the globe
11 South Africa and the Great Lakes: A complex diplomacy 253
Che Ajulu
12 Cry sovereignty: South Africa in the UN Security Council,
2007–2008 275
Peter Kagwanja
13 Praetorian solidarity: The state of military relations between
South Africa and Zimbabwe 303
Peter Kagwanja and Martin Revayi Rupiya
Contributors 332
Index 334
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vii
Tables and figures
Tables
Table 1.1 ANC membership and voting delegates at the December 2007
conference 17
Table 1.2 Polokwane conference election results for top six NEC positions
18
Table 1.3 2004 election results: National Assembly 25
Table 3.1 Major South African political parties represented in the
National Assembly after the 1994, 1999 and 2004 elections,
by percentage 72
Table 6.1 Unicorn’s ships and flagging practices 134
Table 10.1 Economic development goals in South Africa’s three largest
metropolises, 2006–2111 239
Table 10.2 Johannesburg Development Agency’s main partnerships and
development projects 242
Table 10.3 Durban Investment Promotion Agency’s main partnerships
and development projects 243
Table 11.1 South African foreign policy priorities, 2004–2008 255
Table 12.1 Kofi Annan’s plans for the reform of the UN Security
Council, 2005 284
Table 12.2 AU plans for UN Security Council reform, 2005 288
Figures
Figure 8.1 Conceptual models of development 180
Figure 8.2 Ecosystem services and their relationship to human
well-being 181
Figure 8.3 Levels of soil, vegetation and overall degradation in South Africa,
c. 1998 185
Figure 8.4 Status of terrestrial ecosystems, South Africa, 2004 188
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ix
Foreword
The exciting times in which we live as South Africans just never end. The
period 1994 to 1999, sometimes referred to as the era of ‘Madiba magic’,
was a heroic one; it was a time of tasting and celebrating the possibilities of
our new democracy. From 1999 to 2004, the period some refer to as the era
of ‘Mbeki logic’, responses to managerial imperatives came to the fore and
we witnessed the implementation of comprehensive policy reforms and the
steady growth of our economy. The years 2004 to the present have combined
the hope and optimism of the Madiba period and the orientation towards
policy implementation and public service management of the Mbeki period
with an increasing sense of uncertainty and anxiety as the leadership contests
within the African National Congress (ANC) dominate public attention. The
latter trend culminated in the December 2007 ANC National Conference in
Polokwane, the subsequent recall of President Mbeki, the split within the
ruling party, and the formation of a new political party – the Congress of the
People.
These developments have generated much debate and the expression of a wide
range of views. Some political analysts emphasised the basic dimension of ‘a
changing of the guard’ and its associated manifestations in the redefinition
of existing relations between party and state, between the leadership and the
led, and between the haves and the have-nots, as well as the consolidation
of internal democracy in the ANC-led alliance in a way that amounts to the
reinvention of socio-political and economic emancipation. Other analysts
saw in the changes the settling in of a possible mediation of polarisations
and disparities in our political economy and society. Yet others saw in the
same changes the dynamism of stable continuity. As a result of these varied
perspectives, the conversations and debates about the likely future political,
social and economic trajectory of the country are ongoing and have become
interestingly robust. The chapters in this edition of State of the Nation
encompass these varied perspectives and are a sample of the ongoing debates.
In keeping with its commitment to ‘social science that makes a difference’, the
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) is proud to present the selection of
views contained in this edition, which continues the tradition of contributing
to the ongoing dialogue and wide-ranging debates between researchers,
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STATE OF THE NATION 2008
x
policy-makers, public managers and policy activists, as well as revealing
and revelling in the vibrancy of our democracy and sharing contemporary
insights into the challenges facing our nation. As with previous editions, the
editors of this edition have attempted to strike a balance in their coverage
of issues – a balance between focusing on South Africa’s internal politics,
society and economy, and concentrating on South Africa’s external relations,
most critically with other African nations but also in relation to the country’s
bilateral and multilateral relations with the rest of the world.
The interpretations of our situation offered in this volume are diverse,
including some that are critical of government policies, state institutions,
political parties – including the ruling party – and global institutions.
However, all the contributors have sought to interpret their topics based upon
both historical understanding and empirical research, and the chapters reflect
a nuanced take on aspects of the state of our nation. Neither the introductory
chapter by the editors nor the perspectives presented in the subsequent
chapters represent the views of the HSRC and, as is the case with all HSRC
Press publications, editorial independence is respected and upheld as a matter
of principle.
I would like to record our gratitude to the four donor organisations that
continue to provide solid support to this project. Atlantic Philanthropies,
the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and the Ford Foundation provided the
generous financial assistance which enabled the compilation and production
of this publication. Equally important was the contribution of the Konrad
Adenauer Foundation, which financed several workshops in the HSRC’s
Democracy and Governance Research Programme. The latter Foundation has
in the past also supported the launch workshops which allowed us to extend
the debate on the state of the nation well beyond the academy.
The success of State of the Nation is in large measure due to the commitment
and effort of its editors and in this regard I would like to single out the
contribution of the founding editors John Daniel, Adam Habib and Roger
Southall in launching what has now become a flagship publication of the
HSRC. The contributions of subsequent editors that variously included
Sakhela Buhlungu and Jessica Lutchman are also acknowledged. Thank you
all for the continuing legacy of scholarship in the nexus of social science and
public policy.
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xi
FOREWORD
For a number of reasons the transitions between various groups of editors
have not been as seamless as we would have desired and we have struggled
with ensuring continuity amidst change. Lungisile Ntsebeza, Peter Kagwanja
and Kwandiwe Kondlo, Executive Director of the HSRC’s Democracy and
Governance Research Programme, deserve a special word of thanks in
this regard. The delayed production of this edition was overcome through
tapping into collaboration networks and by drawing upon an outstanding
commitment to ensuring that this important national project continues. We
will continue to tap into these networks and draw upon this commitment
to ensure continuity for the future. As part of these efforts a new lead editor
will be appointed following the resignation of Lungisile Ntsebeza from the
editorial team. A decision has also been made to publish State of the Nation
at the beginning of each calendar year to coincide with the beginning of the
academic year in South African institutions of higher education, rather than
towards the end of the calendar year as was previously the case.
As with previous editions, Garry Rosenberg, Mary Ralphs, Karen Bruns,
Utando Baduza and all the staff of the HSRC Press have continued to play
their part in ensuring the success of this project and I convey the appreciation
of their colleagues.
State of the Nation is a mechanism for dialogue and public debate aimed at
engendering the kind of knowledge that public policy needs in order to be
more effective. I trust that this edition keeps us on course towards achieving
this goal.
Dr Olive Shisana
President and Chief Executive, HSRC
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xii
Acronyms
Africom African Command
ANC African National Congress
Apla Azanian People’s Liberation Army
Asgisa Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa
AU African Union
Azapo Azanian People’s Organisation
BC Black Consciousness
BCF Black Consciousness Forum
BCM Black Consciousness Movement
BEE Black Economic Empowerment
BPC Black People’s Convention
CBD Central Business District
CBO Community-based organisation
Codesa Convention for a Democratic South Africa
Cosatu Congress of South African Trade Unions
CTRU Cape Town Routes Unlimited
DA Democratic Alliance
DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa
DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
DME Department of Minerals and Energy
DPSIR Drivers-pressures-state-impacts-responses
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
DVRA Duncan Village Residents’ Association
ESI Environmental Sustainability Index
EU European Union
FDD Force for the Defence of Democracy
Fifa Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FLS Frontline States
FNL Forces for National Liberation
FoC Flag of convenience
Frelimo Frente de Libertação Moçambique
GDP Gross domestic product
GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme
HSRC Human Sciences Research Council
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[...]... UNSC Wesgro Zanu-PF Zapu South African Air Force South African Broadcasting Association South African Communist Party Southern African Development Community South African Defence Force Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment South African Maritime Safety Authority South African National Civic Organisation South African Revenue Service South African Students’ Organisation South African Social... of the state of South Africa s democracy is incomplete without a critical analysis of the state of the liberation movements other than the ANC, particularly the PAC and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) The year 2007 marked the thirtieth anniversary of the brutal death of Steve Bantu Biko, the founder of the BCM, who was murdered by the apartheid security police in September 1977; similarly, 2008. .. became the topic of a high-profile Africa- wide debate in the mid-1990s – under the banner South Africa and Africa: Within or Apart?’ – where it was noted that apartheid South Africa ‘has stood aside and apart from the rest of the continent’ The question was then posed: ‘Will [postapartheid] South Africa stand up for its own and Africa s interests against the continent’s growing international isolation?’... cost of living and poor service delivery, former President Mbeki prefaced his annual State of the Nation address on 9 February 2007 with a passionate appeal to the unifying impulse of nationalism Mbeki’s speech has become emblematic of South Africa s troubling transition from the ‘age of hope’ of the early post-apartheid years to a new ‘age of despair’ (Mashike 2008) This volume of State of the Nation. .. uncertainty over the future of Pretoria’s pan-Africanists and the political capacity of the African Renaissance project As Gumede (2008) warns, it has also ushered in an unsettling moment in South Africa s history with deep implications for the consolidation of its infant democracy Globally, the epitaph of Mbeki’s South Africa is also unflattering South Africa s strong nationalist stance in defence of Africa s... concept of the ‘African personality’ and Aimé Césaire’s ‘negritude’ But African Renaissance has its recent roots in Mbeki’s famous ‘I am an African’ speech, delivered on behalf of the ANC on the occasion of the adoption of the new democratic Constitution in May 1996 The speech captured the dual identity of the peoples’ in South Africa as both South Africans’ and ‘Africans’ (Chipkin 2007) ‘I am an African’... became the Democratic Party in the 1980s, the DA has been identified mainly with the English-speaking section of white South Africa But the DA’s marriage of convenience with the mainly Afrikaner New National Party in the run-up to the 1999 elections may have succeeded in uniting South Africa s white voters, so preventing the ANC from winning the Western Cape provincial government But the collapse of the. .. grants, with the number of South Africans receiving these grants increasing from 2.6 million in 1994 to 6.8 million in 2003 Courting the developmental state: too little too late Faced with widespread protests, South Africa looked to the east, adopting the idea of the developmental state, used widely in the parlance of the international political economy to describe the state- driven socio-economic planning... touting African nationalist solidarity At the turn of the new millennium, Pretoria’s ‘liberation diplomats’ were convinced that the end of the Cold War and the preponderance of neo-liberal ideas had rendered the radical populism and socialist ideology of their own party, the ANC, unattractive (Tieku 2004) Pretoria’s pan-Africanists robustly exported South Africa s version of liberal nationalism to the. .. nationalism as the salient issue that has framed the seismic shifts in South Africa s politics, economy, society and foreign relations in the run-up to and aftermath of the historic 52nd African National Congress (ANC) National Conference in Polokwane in December 2007 – which sounded the death knell to the Mbeki presidency (1999 2008) In the 15 years since the demise of the parochial nationalisms of . www.hsrcpress.co.za
STATE OF THE NATION 2008
xiv
STATE OF THE NATION 2008
SAAF South African Air Force
SABC South African Broadcasting Association
SACP South African. publish State of the Nation
at the beginning of each calendar year to coincide with the beginning of the
academic year in South African institutions of higher
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