Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture 1 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:31 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 2 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:31 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture Edited by Patrick T.K. Woo University of Guelph Guelph, Canada David W. Bruno FRS Marine Laboratory Aberdeen, UK and L.H. Susan Lim University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia CABI Publishing 3 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:31 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CAB International Wallingford Oxon OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org CABI Publishing 10 E 40th Street Suite 3203 New York, NY 10016 USA Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org ©CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture/edited by Patrick T.K. Woo, David W. Bruno, and Susan L.H. Lim. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-85199-443-1 1. Fishes Diseases. 2. Cage aquaculture. I. Woo, P. T. K. II. Bruno, D. W. (David W.) III. Lim, Susan L. H. SH171 .D53 2002 639.3 dc21 2002001302 ISBN 0 85199 443 1 Typeset by AMA DataSet, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn 4 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:31 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents Contributors vii Preface ix PART I – GENERAL 1. Introduction and History of Cage Culture 1 Chua Thia Eng and Elsie Tech 2. Overview of Cage Culture 41 Malcolm C.M. Beveridge PART II – COLDWATER FISH 3. Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Water 61 Michael L. Kent and Trygve T. Poppe 4. Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Fresh Water 107 Laural Brown and David W. Bruno 5. Non-infectious Disorders of Coldwater Fish 171 David J. Speare PART III – WARMWATER FISH 6. Infectious Diseases of Warmwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Waters 193 Leong Tak Seng and Angelo Colorni 7. Infectious Diseases of Warmwater Fish in Fresh Water 231 Gilda D. Lio-Po and L.H. Susan Lim 8. Non-infectious Disorders of Warmwater Fish 283 William E. Hawkins, John W. Fournie and Nantarika Chansue v 5 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:31 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen PART IV 9. Sporadic, Emerging Diseases and Disorders 305 David W. Bruno and Patrick T.K. Woo Index 345 vi Contents 6 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:32 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contributors M.C.M. Beveridge, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. New address: FRS Freshwater Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry, Perthshire PH16 5LB, UK. L.L. Brown, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Bioscience, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada. D.W. Bruno, Fisheries Research Services, The Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. N. Chansue, Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. A. Colorni, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, PO Box 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel. T.E. Chua, Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), DENR Compound, Visayas Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines. J.W. Fournie, US Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, USA. W.E. Hawkins, Department of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564-7000, USA. M.L. Kent, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6, Canada. T.S. Leong, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. L.H.S. Lim, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. G.D. Lio-Po, Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, 5021 Iloilo, Philippines. T.T. Poppe, Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8196 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. D.J. Speare, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada. E. Tech, Asian Fisheries Society, 25-A Mayaman Street, UP Village, Quezon City, Philippines. P.T.K. Woo, Axelrod Institute of Ichthyology and Department of Zoology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. vii 7 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:32 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 8 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:32 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Preface In many parts of the world the primary source of animal protein for humans is finfish. The intensive culture of finfish has grown significantly since the 1980s partly because of the dramatic decline in the natural fish stocks and the increase in fish consumption by the ever-increasing population. For example, the worldwide consumption of fish between 1990 and 1997 increased by 30% while the capture fisheries increased only by 9%. The demand for fish is expected to continue to increase, especially as the more affluent consumers in the developed countries become more aware of the beneficial effects of fish (e.g. marine fish are an excellent source of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids). Aquaculture is the only solution to the demand as it can provide consistently high quality fish protein year round. The industry is already considered the single fastest-growing food production process in the world. The cage culture of finfish, especially mariculture, is becoming more popular because there are many economic advantages associated with this approach. However, it also has problems and one of them is disease. Disease outbreaks tend to occur more often when fish are raised under intensive culture conditions, and consequently both infectious and non-infectious diseases are important constraints to the industry. Our primary objective is to produce an authoritative and practical volume on diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture. We hope the book will also alert the industry to potential and/oremerging diseaseproblems inspecific regionsof theworld, andto pointout gaps in our knowledge so as to stimulate further research. This book is designed for aquaculturalists who are using or intend to use cage culture. It will also be useful to fish health consultants (e.g. veterinarians), microbiologists, parasitologists, fish pathologists, and managers and directors of diagnostic laboratories. Each chapter is written by inter- national experts who have personal experience or expertise on diseases and their diagnosis, and/or solutions to problems associated with the cage culture of finfish. This book is divided into four parts – the first part is on the cage culture system, the second and third are on diseases/disorders in warmwater fish (water temperature above 15°C) and in coldwater fish, respectively. In each of these parts, there are three chapters – one on infectious diseases in fresh water (zero salinity), one on estuarine and marine diseases and one on non-infectious disorders. The final part on emerging diseases is to alert the industry to potential problems. We hope this division of the book will make it easier for the reader to access information on known diseases/disorders within a group of fish. The arrangement will also help to highlight similarities and differences in disease problems between groups of fish (e.g. between marine warmwater and marine coldwater fish). How - ever, such divisions also create some minor problems, e.g. a few pathogens have been ix 9 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:33:32 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen [...]... limitations of cage culture are summarized in Table 1.2 In view of the high production attainable in cage culture system and the presence of large sheltered coastal waters in many countries, marine cage farming can play a significant role in increasing fish production Cage culture systems vary in terms of farm size and intensity of operation Floating cages, for instance, in Korea can reach yields exceeding... reservoir of disease and parasites, and the likelihood of spreading disease by introducing new cultured stocks is increased Increased difficulties of disease and parasite treatment Risks of theft are increased Amortization of capital investment may be short Increased labour costs for handling, stocking, feeding and maintenance consists of a net bag supported by posts driven into the bottom of a lake... outbreaks of infectious diseases and an increase in prevalence of parasites Infectious diseases in fish culture are not only accentuated by waste pollution, but exacerbated by crowding, handling, temperature and biofouling The most common fish disease in cages is vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp Furthermore, abrasions cause fin and skin damage to cultured stocks (Moring, 1982) Occurrence of infection/disease... (Shariff and Nagaraj, 2000) Korea started growing a European variety of common carp and maintained yellowtail in holding cage enclosures in the late 1970s By the end of 1980, cage culture of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivacens) and black rockfish History of Cage Culture Open sea activities, such as cage and pen culture, are viewed by many stakeholders in the industry as the aquaculture system of the... (Kuronuma, 1968) Since the 1970s, Thailand has developed cage culture techniques for two important marine finfish: the seabream (Pagrus major) and grouper (Epinephelus spp.) (Coche, 1976) Chua and Teng (1978) pioneered the development of cage culture methods/designs for groupers in Malaysia, although large-scale cage farming in marine waters really gained ground in the 1980s and in inland waters in the 1990s... species cultured in marine cages (Anon., 1986; Quinitio and Toledo, 1991; Doi and Singhagraiwan, 1993; Leong, 1998) The shortage of trash fish as feed is a serious problem in Thailand, where the large-scale development of catfish farming has resulted in increased demand for trash fish (Chua, Main cage structure with security chain cage culture High stocking density may create group effects resulting in. .. screen 2 T.E Chua and E Tech (Sebastes schlegeli) was established, and developed into a successful aquaculture industry in the 1990s (Kim, 2000) Cage culture of groupers (Epinephelus spp.) in the Philippines has been practised since the 1980s Mariculture of milkfish in the 1990s led to the further growth and development of the industry (Marte et al., 2000) In Europe, cage culture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus... mentioned in Chapter 4 because of their lesser importance to freshwater fish There are books on infectious and on non-infectious diseases/ disorders of fish (e.g Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volumes 1–3, CAB International), but there are none devoted specifically to problems associated with cage culture of finfish Problems encountered in cage culture are in some ways different from those using other rearing... infection/disease may be minimized by selecting good sites, proper mooring and observance of optimal stocking densities and careful handling of stocks (Boydstun and Hopelain, 1977) Adequate spacing between cages and farms is also an essential management tool to reduce the spread of disease (Wong, 1995) Cleaning Cleaning of the seabed by dredging is undertaken once a month in some cage farms in Korea (Kim, 2000)... Disabled Composite Default screen Introduction and History of Cage Culture capacity of the fish farmer(s) to manage and maintain For tropical conditions where biofouling can be rapid and heavy, net cage sizes are between 20 and 50 m3 Various shapes and sizes of traditional cage structures are shown in Figs 1.5 and 1.6 Figures 1.7–1.14 show other modifications in cage structures and set-ups that have been . diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture. We hope the book will also alert the industry to potential and/ oremerging diseaseproblems inspecific regionsof. on infectious diseases in fresh water (zero salinity), one on estuarine and marine diseases and one on non-infectious disorders. The final part on emerging