... hold at either D- or S -structure. In sentences (a) and
(b), Rivera is c-commanded by he at D -structure, so we have a condi-
tion-C violation. The adjunct is inserted between D- and S -structure.
In ... S -structure.
In (d), Rivera is c-commanded by he at S -structure, so again we have a
condition-C violation. However, in (c), Rivera is never c-commanded
by he, it is inserted after the wh-...
... reference to XPs are many. For example, operations
such as wh-movement all seem to target XP-level constituents. Simi-
larly, head-movement and morphological operations mostly target
individual ... to
other parts of the grammar (such as the lexicon or licensing rules), and
what remains is the X-bar schema, which directly constrains constitu-
ent structure without speciWc phrase structure...
... projection-
based theories of phrase structure, but is particularly acute in BPS
where there is no plausible top-to-bottom or purely representational
160 controversies
However, such a constituent- centric ... in Stepanov (2001).
8.4.3 Bottom-to-top and top-to-bottom derivations
Another consequence of the BPS system is the strictly upwardly cyclic
nature of the phrase structure derivation....
... Grim-
shaw (1992) suggest hybrids of the second and third approaches. They
have functional categories, but these are viewed as extended projec-
tions of the V. See Bury (2003) for a more up-to-date ... assumption and of the entire functional-projection
27 This is part of an larger programmatic restriction of ‘‘economy of expression’’, where
forms appear only in the c -structure of the sent...
... LFG,
Simpler Syntax 208
10.4.2 The Parallel Plane hypotheses: L- and S-Syntax
and pheno- and tectogrammatical structures 209
10.4.3 Wheel-and-spoke multiplanar approaches 212
10.5. Conclusions 217
11. ... Fischer
3. Information Structure: the Syntax-Discourse Interface
Nomi Erteschik-Shir
4. Computational Approaches to Syntax and Morphology
Brian Roark and Richard Sproat
5. Constituent St...
... the
concatenation-as-addition and the structured-concatenation proced-
ures). Instead, we need a richer hierarchical structure (such as that in
(9)) to represent which words go together. This hierarchical structure
must ... by the embedded clause. Japanese is a typical
example:
(i) Gakusei-ga sensei-ga odotta-to itta.
student-nom teacher-nom danced- that said
‘‘The student said that the t...
... of (15b) is that either binding condition C holds at
D -structure before wh-movement applies or the wh-phrase ‘‘recon-
structs’’ to its D -structure position after the overt component of the
grammar. ... added after D -structure and movement.
(16) X Bar À! D -Structure
#
Movement
#
S -Structure (adjunction happens here)
So the derivation of (15d) is such that the adjunct is added after t...
... system: Lexical-Functional Grammar
Strictly speaking, Lexical-Functional Grammar does not belong in this
chapter, because it posits separate constituent and relational structures
(c- and f-structures); ... 6,LFG
makes use of a structured representation of grammatical functions, as
dependency and constituency 171
shown in (2). These f-structures are mapped to the constituent structure
(c...
... logical structure. This logical structure is then
mapped into two diVerent constituent structures, the layered structure
of the clause (LCS) and the operator structure, which are representa-
tions ... frameworks, constituent structures should fol-
low from the semantic and pragmatic properties of the message that is
being conveyed. In this sense these approaches derive constituent...