... secondhand fact such as report, quotation, hearsay, assumption, appearance, and all other types of supportive, auxiliary information, of which quotation and hearsay are found the most common. ... the celebrated linguists have paid great attention to discussing Modality in general and Epistemic modality in particular. Palmer (Mood and Modality, 1986), for example, investigates and restricts ... impossible language systems as well as directions of diachronic language change, among other things (Croft ,1990, and Dik, 1981). In semantics and pragmatics, linguistics scales are taken to be an ordering...