... the Vietnamese. Dang (20 06) found seven main hedging strategies utilized by the two groups of informants, Vietnamese and NSs of English, including delaying, showing regret, giving excuses, showing ... use of refusal strategies by Vietnamese learners of English is still a gap in the literature which needs to be filled to gain a better understanding of learners interlanguage in general, and of ... of English. Moreover, Australian NSs of English tended to be more direct in their refusals. The studies investigating the refusal strategies of learners of English and focusing on pragmatic transfer...