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Constituent Structure - Part 8

Constituent Structure - Part 8

Constituent Structure - Part 8

... symmetric c-command: (17) Symmetric c-command A symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B and B c-commands A. Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between an aunt and her nieces: ( 18) Asymmetric ... distinguishes c-command from m-command: (31) I presented Watson i with a picture of himself i . Assuming that the constituent structure of the VP in this sentence is the partly binary branching structure ... relation in terms of other parts of the grammatical system: Kayne’s (1 984 ) unambiguous paths; Chametzky’s (1996) complete factorization; and Epstein’s c-command-as-merge approach. We look at...
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Constituent Structure - Part 6

Constituent Structure - Part 6

... axioms were updated in Wall (1972) and Partee, ter Meulen, and Wall (1990) (and discussed at length in Huck 1 985 , Higginbotham 1 982 /1 985 , and McCawley 1 982 ); more recent axiomizations can be found ... a single root: * A B C (McCawle y 1 989 ) In order to disallow structures such as (7) and (8) , we need the axiom in (A2):10 A2. The Single-Root Condition:(9x 8y 2 N) [x /* y]. 9 This deWnition is ... sort of ‘ part of’’ relation. So in (9a, b) the N is a part of NP. The reverse is not true, NP is not a part of N. So in (9a), we assert that man is a part of N, but that N is not a part of man....
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Constituent Structure - Part 7

Constituent Structure - Part 7

... autosegmental phonology. See Goldsmith (1976), McCarthy (1979), Pulleyblank (1 983 ), Clements (1 985 ), Sagey (1 986 , 1 988 ), and Hammond (1 988 , 2005) for discussion. basic properties of trees 43 (a) p (b) * ... This is the so-called non-tangling condition of Wall (1972), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1975): there are no discontinuous constituents.30 A9. Non-tangling condition:(8wxyz 2 N) ... terminals u, v. In Carnie (2006c), I informally present the non-tangling constraint as the no-crossing- branches constraint: (ii) No-crossing-branches constraint If one node X precedes another node...
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Constituent Structure - Part 9

Constituent Structure - Part 9

... indeed occur under a c-command-like structuralrelation, then clearly m-command is most appropriate. In the trees in(34) the case assigning node m-commands—but does not c-command—the NP it assigns ... discussthe i-within-i facts. It is a relatively minor change to Wx their deWnitions so that it includesthis condition.60 preliminaries5Capturing Constituent Structure: Phrase Structure Grammars5.1 ... them), however, a must immedi-ately dominate x and y, which themselves dominate (potentially reXex-ively) the c-commander and the c-commandee. Note, however, thatwhile c-command is frequently deWned...
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Constituent Structure - Part 10

Constituent Structure - Part 10

... into immediate constituents. The greater the num-ber of pipes (j) the weaker the boundary between the constituents (i.e.the more pipes, more closely related the words).2 The constituents inthis ... of pipes is determined by the number ofultimate constituents (i.e. morphemes), not by degree of relationship.70 phrase structure grammars and x-bar(19) N¼ {NP, VP, V, S}, S ¼ {S}, T ¼ {he, left},P ... thetree, or the derivation) was the actual representation of the structure ofa sentence in LSLT and Syntactic Structures.One advantage to P-markers is in how they can explain the ‘‘is a’’ (%)relations...
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Constituent Structure - Part 11

Constituent Structure - Part 11

... surface order from a very abstract structure using movement operations. 82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure grammarsLet us distinguish ... GPSG: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (which, iron-ically, at least in its most recent incarnations is not a phrase structure grammar in anyrecognizable form at all), this arboreal-centric ... immediate dominance. This is perhaps part of the motivation for abandoningnon-branching structures from the theory of Bare Phrase Structure discussed in Ch. 8. 7 More precisely, simple dominance...
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Constituent Structure - Part 12

Constituent Structure - Part 12

... isrepresented by their left-to-right organization in the rule. In versionsof PSG that are primarily tree-geometric rather than being based onP-markers or RPMs, the tree also encodes c-command and governmentrelations.Less ... topicalizationseen in (8a), the subject–auxiliary inversion in (7b), and the wh-questionin (8c). (8) (a) Structure- changing transformations, I do not think t are foundin any current theory.(b) ... constructions all involve some constituent (structure- changingtransformations, are, and which rules, respectively) that is displaced96 phrase structure grammars and x-barfrom the place it would...
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Constituent Structure - Part 13

Constituent Structure - Part 13

... LFGLexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure, which is similar to the feature structures ... phrase structure rule, just as it ispossible to write a crazy transformation that will radically change the104 phrase structure grammars and x-bar structure of a tree. Head-Driven Phrase Structure ... the f -structure associated with the dominator. These metavariables are licensed inthe representation via annotations on the phrase structure rules as in(27). A metavariable-annotated c-structure...
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Constituent Structure - Part 14

Constituent Structure - Part 14

... to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested inthis section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. The empirical cover-age ... structure. extended phrase structure grammars 1117X-bar Theory7.1 IntroductionPhrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us withpowerful tools for describing constituent structures, but ... but Louis was only [partly [so]].Examples (23) and (24) show conjunction of the two smaller constitu-ents. Example (25) is an example of so-replacement.The Wne-grained structures that these...
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Constituent Structure - Part 15

Constituent Structure - Part 15

... discussion of how this insight is retained in theminimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system.120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar(60) (a) XP ! (YP) X’ or XP ! X’ (YP)(b) X’ ! X’ ... intermediate structure (X’),takes us to the point where there are similarities across categories interms of the kinds of phrase structure rule are allowed. Cross-categor-ial generalizations about structure ... section, we have surveyed some of the motivations for X-bartheory as well as one particular formulation of the X-bar schema itself.Phrase structure rules can be overly powerful, thus motivating...
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