Constituent Structure - Part 7
Constituent Structure - Part 7
... axiomatically. This is the so-called non-tangling condition of Wall (1 972 ), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1 975 ): there are no discontinuous constituents.30 A9. Non-tangling condition:(8wxyz ... terminals u, v. In Carnie (2006c), I informally present the non-tangling constraint as the no-crossing- branches constraint: (ii) No-crossing-branches constraint If one node X precedes another node ... precedence relation can be reduced to asymmetric c-command, and thus need not be part of our formal description of tree structures. We leave this aside here. 27 Terry Langendoen (p.c.) has suggested that...
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Constituent Structure - Part 6
... sort of ‘ part of’’ relation. So in (9a, b) the N is a part of NP. The reverse is not true, NP is not a part of N. So in (9a), we assert that man is a part of N, but that N is not a part of man. ... of course, a part of itself (hence the intuition that domination is reXexive). N dominates N, so N is part of N. The part- of quality of domination tells us that when two nodes are part of each ... most part, Wrst-order description will suYce to express the intuitive and basic properties of trees, we leave it at this level. 7 In this book, I have kept the logical notation to familiar Wrst-order...
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Constituent Structure - Part 8
... the sisterhood relation or symmetric c-command: ( 17) Symmetric c-command A symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B and B c-commands A. Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between ... 47, attributed to Ed Keenan): (13) (a) namono azy ny anadahin-dRakoto kill him the sister-of-Rakoto ‘‘Rakoto i ’s sister killed him i .’’ (b) *namono ny anadahin-dRakoto izy kill the sister-of-Rakoto ... daughters (and grand- daughters and great-granddaughters, etc.) of its sisters. Consider the tree in (15). The node A c-commands all the nodes in the circle. It doesn’t c-command any others:...
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Constituent Structure - Part 9
... indeed occur under a c-command-like structuralrelation, then clearly m-command is most appropriate. In the trees in(34) the case assigning node m-commands—but does not c-command—the NP it assigns ... discussthe i-within-i facts. It is a relatively minor change to Wx their deWnitions so that it includesthis condition.60 preliminaries5Capturing Constituent Structure: Phrase Structure Grammars5.1 ... them), however, a must immedi-ately dominate x and y, which themselves dominate (potentially reXex-ively) the c-commander and the c-commandee. Note, however, thatwhile c-command is frequently deWned...
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Constituent Structure - Part 10
... invented muchlater by Lasnik and Kupin (1 977 )andKupin(1 978 ): the monostring.Monostrings are those elements in the P-marker that consist of exactlyone non-terminal and any number (including Ø) ... Chomsky’s (19 57) formalization of phrase structure grammars.5.2 Phrase structure grammarsIn his early unpublished work (the Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory(LSLT), later published in 1 975 ), Chomsky ... into immediate constituents. The greater the num-ber of pipes (j) the weaker the boundary between the constituents (i.e.the more pipes, more closely related the words).2 The constituents inthis...
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Constituent Structure - Part 11
... surface order from a very abstract structure using movement operations.82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure grammarsLet us distinguish ... GPSG: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (which, iron-ically, at least in its most recent incarnations is not a phrase structure grammar in anyrecognizable form at all), this arboreal-centric ... immediate dominance. This is perhaps part of the motivation for abandoningnon-branching structures from the theory of Bare Phrase Structure discussed in Ch. 8. 7 More precisely, simple dominance...
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Constituent Structure - Part 12
... heþNÀVþpronounþ3personÀpluralþmasculine 2666666666643 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 75The traditions of LFG and HPSG use a diVerent notation: the Attri-bute Value Matrix (AVM). AVMs put the feature (also ... isrepresented by their left-to-right organization in the rule. In versionsof PSG that are primarily tree-geometric rather than being based onP-markers or RPMs, the tree also encodes c-command and governmentrelations.Less ... eventually devel-oped into an independent system which allows us to capture general-izations not available with simple PSRs.92 phrase structure grammars and x-bar6Extended Phrase Structure Grammars6.1...
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Constituent Structure - Part 13
... structure grammars and x-bar(26) f1, f3, f6pred ‘love hsubj, obji’tense presentsubj f2, f4, f5def þnum sngpred ‘cat’obj f 7 , f8pred ‘tuna’2666666643 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5Typically, ... LFGLexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure, which is similar to the feature structures ... the f -structure associated with the dominator. These metavariables are licensed inthe representation via annotations on the phrase structure rules as in( 27) . A metavariable-annotated c-structure...
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Constituent Structure - Part 14
... subj)6 .7. 3 SummaryThe extensions to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested inthis section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. ... structure. extended phrase structure grammars 111 7 X-bar Theory 7. 1 IntroductionPhrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us withpowerful tools for describing constituent structures, but ... right level of abstraction ofsyntactic structure. One of the innovations of the 1 970 s (see in particular JackendoV1 977 ) was the realization that syntactic structure is signiWcantly morereWned...
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Constituent Structure - Part 15
... discussion of how this insight is retained in theminimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system.120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar(60) (a) XP ! (YP) X’ or XP ! X’ (YP)(b) X’ ! X’ ... andCrain (1990). 7. 2.6 SummaryIn this section, we have surveyed some of the motivations for X-bartheory as well as one particular formulation of the X-bar schema itself.Phrase structure rules ... intermediate structure (X’),takes us to the point where there are similarities across categories interms of the kinds of phrase structure rule are allowed. Cross-categor-ial generalizations about structure...
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