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Constituent Structure - Part 6

Constituent Structure - Part 6

Constituent Structure - Part 6

... proposals in Chapter 10. 6 Backofen, Rogers, and Vijay-Shanker (1995) actually argue that Wrst-order axiomiza- tion is impossible for Wnite (but unbounded) trees; they propose a second-order account that ... sort of ‘ part of’’ relation. So in (9a, b) the N is a part of NP. The reverse is not true, NP is not a part of N. So in (9a), we assert that man is a part of N, but that N is not a part of man. ... of course, a part of itself (hence the intuition that domination is reXexive). N dominates N, so N is part of N. The part- of quality of domination tells us that when two nodes are part of each...
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Constituent Structure - Part 7

Constituent Structure - Part 7

... v for all terminals u, v.In Carnie (2006c), I informally present the non-tangling constraint as the no-crossing-branches constraint:(ii) No-crossing-branches constraintIf one node X precedes ... ’’: 26 As we will see in Chapter 8, Kayne (1994) argues that the precedence relation can bereduced to asymmetric c-command, and thus need not be part of our formal description oftree structures. ... axiomatically. This is the so-called non-tangling condition ofWall (1972), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1975): thereare no discontinuous constituents.30A9. Non-tangling condition:(8wxyz...
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Constituent Structure - Part 8

Constituent Structure - Part 8

... Keenan):(13) (a) namono azy ny anadahin-dRakotokill him the sister-of-Rakoto‘‘Rakotoi’s sister killed himi.’’(b) *namono ny anadahin-dRakoto izykill the sister-of-Rakoto he‘‘Heikilled Rakotoi’s ... and Bc-commands A.Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between an aunt andher nieces:(18) Asymmetric c-commandA asymmetrically c-commands B if A c-commands B but B doesnot c-command ... Reinhart’s ‘‘c-command’’ (or constituent command6), which eliminates reference to both precedence and cyclicnodes.IgiveWrst an informal deWnition here.(14) C-command (informal)A node c-commands...
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Constituent Structure - Part 9

Constituent Structure - Part 9

... discussthe i-within-i facts. It is a relatively minor change to Wx their deWnitions so that it includesthis condition. 60 preliminaries5Capturing Constituent Structure: Phrase Structure Grammars5.1 ... types of information are encoded in these structures.c-command and government 65 This page intentionally left blank Part 2Phrase Structure Grammarsand X-bar Theory ... label(a) 2 {S, NP} }M-command (Barker and Pullum’s max-command) assumes theexistence of the set max, which is the set of XP categories.c-command and government 61 (41) M-command is the command...
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Constituent Structure - Part 10

Constituent Structure - Part 10

... into immediate constituents. The greater the num-ber of pipes (j) the weaker the boundary between the constituents (i.e.the more pipes, more closely related the words).2 The constituents inthis ... analyses.Postal (1 967 ) presents a defense of this claim, arguing that IC systemsare all simply poorly formalized phrase structure grammars. Manaster-Ramer and Kac (1990) and Borsley (19 96) claim that ... thetree, or the derivation) was the actual representation of the structure ofa sentence in LSLT and Syntactic Structures.One advantage to P-markers is in how they can explain the ‘‘is a’’ (%)relations...
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Constituent Structure - Part 11

Constituent Structure - Part 11

... surface order from a very abstract structure using movement operations.82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure grammarsLet us distinguish ... GPSG: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (which, iron-ically, at least in its most recent incarnations is not a phrase structure grammar in anyrecognizable form at all), this arboreal-centric ... and C.The second kind of phrase structure rule (PSR) is the context-freephrase structure rule (the grammar containing such rules is abbrevi-ated either CFG or CF-PSG). These rules disallow reference...
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Constituent Structure - Part 12

Constituent Structure - Part 12

... heþNÀVþpronounþ3personÀpluralþmasculine 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 64377777777775The traditions of LFG and HPSG use a diVerent notation: the Attri-bute Value Matrix (AVM). AVMs put the ... simple PSRs.92 phrase structure grammars and x-bar 6 Extended Phrase Structure Grammars 6. 1 IntroductionIn the last chapter, we looked at a narrow version of a phrase structure grammar. Here ... constructions all involve some constituent (structure- changingtransformations, are, and which rules, respectively) that is displaced 96 phrase structure grammars and x-barfrom the place it would...
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Constituent Structure - Part 13

Constituent Structure - Part 13

... based,100 phrase structure grammars and x-bar( 26) f1, f3, f 6 pred ‘love hsubj, obji’tense presentsubj f2, f4, f5def þnum sngpred ‘cat’obj f7, f8pred ‘tuna’2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4377777775Typically, ... LFGLexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure, which is similar to the feature structures ... phrase structure rule, just as it ispossible to write a crazy transformation that will radically change the104 phrase structure grammars and x-bar structure of a tree. Head-Driven Phrase Structure...
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Constituent Structure - Part 14

Constituent Structure - Part 14

... subj) 6. 7.3 SummaryThe extensions to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested inthis section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. ... structure. extended phrase structure grammars 1117X-bar Theory7.1 IntroductionPhrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us withpowerful tools for describing constituent structures, but ... discussion in this section, including examples, is based on Carnie (20 06) .114 phrase structure grammars and x-barOne-replacement in (6) targets the node labeled N03,in(5) it targets thenode labeled...
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Constituent Structure - Part 15

Constituent Structure - Part 15

... of how this insight is retained in theminimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system.120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar (60 ) (a) XP ! (YP) X’ or XP ! X’ (YP)(b) X’ ! X’ (ZP) ... given in( 26) reveal another important property that X-bar theory might ac-count for. It appears as if the layers of structure operate in a binarymanner.10 That is, as we add layers of structure, ... andCrain (1990).7.2 .6 SummaryIn this section, we have surveyed some of the motivations for X-bartheory as well as one particular formulation of the X-bar schema itself.Phrase structure rules can...
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