... that can fit within an antibody binding site called the epitope, or antigenic determinant (Pressman and Grossberg 1968). In the 1930’s, Nobel Prize winner, Karl Landsteiner investigated many ... the analytes of interest and translating this biorecognition event into a digital output. The resulting data are then compared to a standard curve to estimate the concentration of analyte in ... Van der Waals forces, or electrostatic forces, quantitative assessments of affinity can be measured. The affinity, or strength of interaction between an antigen binding site on an antibody and...