A history of modern computing
a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 1 docx
... Eckert and Mauchly.’’ That was the opinion of Howard Aiken, Harvard mathematician and builder of the Mark I calculator, expressed to Edward Cannon of the U.S National Bureau of Standards in 19 48 Aiken ... of about a dozen technical employees, designed and built the UNIVAC (figure 1. 3) They 28 Chapter Table 1. 1 UNIVAC installations, 19 51 19 54 Date Customer Summer 19 51 late 19 52 late 19 52 Fall 19 53 ... 19 53 Fall 19 53 Fall 19 53 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 19 54 U.S Census Bureau U.S Air Force, the Pentagon U.S Army Map Service U.S AEC, New York, NY (at NYU) U.S AEC,...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 2 pdf
... quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of punched cards or a reel of tape The machine ... In part to satisfy federal regulators, Bell Labs made information about transistors available at a nominal cost Among the many companies that began producing transistors was Philco, an established ... regarded as the classic mainframe because of its combination of architecture, performance, and financial success: hundreds of machines were installed at a price of around $2 million each (figure 2. 5)...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 3 doc
... programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was intimately related to the nature of the hardware— The Early History of Software, ... That quality also made it one of the most popular languages of the personal computer era, as practiced at the giant software houses of the 1990s such as Microsoft The success of UNIX and C balanced ... keypunches—machines that punched rectangular holes into 80-column cards, each of them a standard 3- 1/4 7 -3/ 8 inches Seated at each station was a woman, her head tilted to the left to scan a piece of paper...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 4 ppsx
... series gave the equivalent of ten decimal digits That was adequate for most applications, but many assumed that customers would not want a machine that could not handle at least that many Minicomputers ... that controlled, managed, and channeled the chaos of technical innovation into market dominance Central to smooth operations at IBM was a character from a best-seller from that era, The Organization ... limits of a short address field .47 It was able to directly address a primary memory of eight thousand words, and it had a reasonably fast clock cycle (6 .4 microseconds for a memory access) And the...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 5 potx
... museums and private collections as the modern equivalent of Samuel Morse’s telegraph apparatus of the 1840s. 65 Another company that quickly recognized the advantages of a 16-bit word length was Data ... board was larger than what was standard at the time and made for a very compact package In mid-1971 the company introduced an advanced ‘‘Super Nova,’’ which incorporated still another technical ... redefinition of the concept of a bus, a set of wires that served all major sections of the machine in a common and standard way The notion was not new The electromechanical Mark I, installed at Harvard...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 6 pdf
... the alternatives of cassette, paper tape, or any other form of tape CP/M was the final piece of the puzzle that, when made available, made personal computers a practical reality The Personal Computer, ... the spread of personal, interactive computing The other was a way to write applications software By 1977 two remarkable and influential pieces of software—Microsoft BASIC and the CP/M Operating ... Altair was to have BASIC.87 William Gates III was born in 1955, at a time when work on FORTRAN was just underway He was a student at Harvard when the famous cover of Popular Electronics appeared...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 7 potx
... he taught students to program Data General Novas .77 Raskin had also been a visiting scholar at Stanford’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and while there he became familiar with what was going ... conceived of a program to automate these ‘‘spreadsheets’’ (a term already in limited use among accountants) Dan Flystra, a secondyear student who had his own small software marketing company, agreed ... the Altair, the Apple II had a bus architecture with slots for expansion a feature Wozniak argued strenuously for, probably because he had seen its advantages on a Data General Nova.58 The bus architecture...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 8 pps
... language—that is, a standard C was defined as a language that the GNU C Compiler understood And it was free Very free Stallman’s campaign to develop and spread software that is ‘‘free’’ in a carefully ... available the parts of Windows code that interacted with applications programs: the so-called Applications Program Interface, or API Thus, for example, developers of a database program were assured ... programming that allowed Microsoft to manage increasingly larger and more complex programming jobs as the company grew The style involved a way of naming variables, and was called ‘‘Hungarian,’’ an...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 9 pps
... Computer Journal 20 (August 197 7): 2 69 2 79 98 Martin Campbell-Kelly, ‘‘Programming the Pilot ACE: Early Programming at the National Physical Laboratory,’’ Annals of the History of Computing ( 198 1): 133–162 ... International Standards Organization in 199 2, is called ‘‘Fortran 90 ,’’ (now spelled as a proper noun, no longer as an acronym) A version of Fortran aimed at parallel, non-von Neumann architecture ... 81 Erwin Tomash and Arnold A Cohen ‘‘The Birth of an ERA: Engineering Research Associates, Inc., 194 6– 195 5,’’ Annals of the History of Computing 1: ( 197 9): 83 97 ; also Charles J Murray, The Supermen:...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 10 potx
... National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NAS See National Advanced Systems NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) See also National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Index Ames ... National Academy of Engineering, 79 National Advanced Systems (NAS), 165 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 38 National Bureau of Standards, 13, 25–26, 69, 180 National Library ... Altair BASIC Reference Manual, 56; National Museum of American History, Altair Curatorial File.) 91 Manes and Andrews, Gates, chapters and 3; for a discussion of John Norton, see Billy Goodman,...
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History Of Modern Biotechnology II
... survey of the main lines of development of a very interesting area of biotechnology research based on a limited number of characteristic publications These have been selected on the basis of their ... (about 1010 IU) of purified human inter- 40 H Bocker and W.A Knorre Table Institutes of the Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Agriculture of the for- mer GDR with R&D in Biotechnology – ... viewpoint This point of view is that of a former uni- Fig Development of models The Morphology of Filamentous Fungi versity professor, who started research after the morphology of moulds in 1971...
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History Of Modern Biotechnology II
... survey of the main lines of development of a very interesting area of biotechnology research based on a limited number of characteristic publications These have been selected on the basis of their ... (about 1010 IU) of purified human inter- 40 H Bocker and W.A Knorre Table Institutes of the Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Agriculture of the for- mer GDR with R&D in Biotechnology – ... viewpoint This point of view is that of a former uni- Fig Development of models The Morphology of Filamentous Fungi versity professor, who started research after the morphology of moulds in 1971...
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