... 107, 2891−2959 2891 Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications Xiaobo Chen* and Samuel S Mao† Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and University of ... progress in the synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications of TiO2 nanomaterials The syntheses of TiO2 nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes are ... “plus” and “minus” signs correspond to the conduction and valence bands, respectively, EG is the energy gap, p is Planck’s constant, and me and mh are the effective masses of the electrons and holes,...