... comprehension. - Students‟ interest in, motivation for, and attitude toward reading are vital for success. - Text is organized into super-ordinate, co-ordinate and sub-ordinate ideas. - Text has ... procedures: pre-, while-, and post- reading stages. Zhang believes that “comprehension is facilitated by explicitly introducing schemata through pre-reading activities” (1993, p.5). The pre-reading ... two-step transaction of meaning-into-language, think of writing as an organic, developmental process in which you start writing at the very beginning-before you know your meaning at all- and...