... mirror 38 . 137 .0 43. 936 .9
2 m beyond collimating mirror 30 . 930 .05 36 .33 1.1
6 Theoretical Analysis of X-Ray Waveguides 95
We are using here the approximations sin(Φ) ≈ Φ ≈ tan(Φ) and cos (Φ) ≈
1 ... field and also allows for its propagation across “thin”
optics. This code is described in Sect. 5.2. Beamlines at UV and shorter
wavelengths require highly grazing incidence...
... aperture.
8.5 The In uence of Interdiffusion and Roughness
Up to now X-ray microscopes mainly operate in the soft X-ray wavelength
range between the K-absorption edges of oxygen and carbon (2 .34 –4 .37 nm
wavelength). ... obtainable resolution
scales inversely with the diffraction order m used for X-ray imaging (see (8 .3) ).
However, if optically thin gratings are assumed, it res...
... by Tatchyn in 1990 [105], and
the first zone plate with a blazed zone profile was manufactured at Wisconsin
and tested at the APS using 8 keV X-rays showing 45% efficiency for linear
and 39 % efficiency ... approximately
(neglecting the beam refraction) determined by Bragg’s law,
2d sin ϑ
i
≈ kλ. (16 .3)
In (16 .3) , k is an integer and λ is the wavelength of the radiation in use.
Mu...
... capillary size (μm) 3. 6
Table 18.2. Physical parameters of the lens 51MLS02
E (keV) 3 5 5–7.5 7.5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25 30
Focal sp ot
size
FWHM
(μm)
38 40 41 41 35 31 33
Intensity
gain
2,892 7,078 ... using single and multiple reflections are relatively efficient
and are, in some cases, unique instruments for beam shaping of X-rays from
laboratory sources as well as of synchrot...
... 30 0
◦
C
t
Ni
(nm) 1.26 1.26 1.28 1 .32 1 .33 1 .34
t
C
(nm) 1.89 1.89 1.92 1.98 1.99 2.01
Λ (nm) 3. 15 3. 15 3. 23. 33. 32 3. 35
ρ
Ni
(g cm
3
)8.98.98.98.58.58.0
ρ
C
(g cm
3
)2.22.22.12.02.01.8
σ
eff C-on-Ni
(nm) ... from m =1to 2and5 0
in the interval from m = 2 to 3. 3.
In conclusion it can be said that in the past 5 years the critical angle of
polarizing and nonpolarizin...
... a multilayer coating in which the refractive index varies con-
tinuously in depth. In this case, an inhomogeneous coating with a refractive
index profile can be optimized, in principle, at every ... coatings which have been designed
and made with various two-material combinations, such as C/Si [35 ], Ir/Si
[36 ], and Al/Nb [37 ]. These have theoretical normal-incidence reflectiviti...
... resolution in recip-
rocal space and in energy, and progress has also been made in improving resolution
in real space. In this chapter a short introduction to the dynamical theory behind
crystal ... behind
crystal diffractors and their coupling is given and modern one- and two-dimensional
elements based on symmetric, asymmetric and inclined diffractions are introduced.
T...
... of the (x, z)-position is determined by [29]
n = n
0
·
1+2b
2
z +3b
3
z
2
+4b
4
z
3
+2b
5
x +3b
6
x
2
+4b
7
x
3
. (2 .33 )
Transmitting Optics
For transmitting optics (SL
it, FO il) the direction ... element is here θ+α (EL )and2 θ (PA),
respectively, θ being the grazing incidence angle and α the tangent angle on
the ellipse.
3 Neutron Beam Phase Space Mapping 49
3. 3 Ne...