... the transvalvular flow rate. Therefore a doubling of flow rate will quadruple the PG. ANAESTHESIA FOR THE HIGH RISK PATIENT 1 46 Chap-10.qxd 2/1/02 12:07 PM Page 1 46 15. Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace ... minimised by the use of a laryngeal mask airwayrather than an endotracheal tube, when this is otherwise appropriate. ANAESTHESIA FOR THE HIGH RISK PATIENT 1 36 Chap-09.qxd 2/2/02 1:01 PM Page 1 36 Despite ... instituted before the induction of anyform of anaesthesia in these high- risk patients. In addition to routine standardmonitoring, anaesthetists should have a very low threshold for using direct...