... complicatedsteps such as glycosylation and ⁄ or formation of disul-fide bonds. Therefore, the UPR is considered to beweakly but constitutively activated and maintains the homeostasis of the ER even in apparently ... cells, BAX inhibitor 1 affordsprotection from apoptosis induced by ER stress byinhibiting the activation of BAX and its translocation to the mitochondria, by preserving the mitochondrialmembrane ... apop-totic PCD in rice and barley [188,189]. Therefore,BAX inhibitor 1 is thought to be one of the key fac-tors required for regulation of plant apoptotic PCD.However, BAX, Bcl2 and their...