Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 34 docx

... bilat-eral and complex symptoms (impaired upper limb –hand function, gait disorder, bladder and bowl dys-function). Duration of symptoms is important forthe definition of etiology and urgency of therapy(e.g. ... (cave: spinal shock). Pathological reflexesindicate central (spinal and supraspinal) lesions.Motor strength is subdivided into six grades(M0–M5), and key muscles both for radicular and spinal ... Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. American Spinal Injury Association. Spinal Cord 35(5):266 – 74This article describes the internationally standardized...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 4 docx

... “ishion” standing for hip, buttocks, sacrum, loin and alsoupper limb. Since the time of Hippocrates of Cos (460–370B.C.), this term hasrelatedtopainsyndromeofthelowerbackandtheupperpartsofthelowerlimbs[57].The ... our understanding of the spinal cord.Anesthesia and Supportive TechniquesAn invasive and effective spinal surgery would not have been possible withoutmajor advances in anesthesia and supportive ... locatedin the spinal cordAt the beginning of the 19th century, it was still believed that some parts of the spinal cord contained the “centers of feeling”. Furthermore it was believed thatthe spinal...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 6 docx

... dedicated to the research and treatment of spinal cordinjuries (Fig. 10c).He propagated intensive rehabilitation and sports. He also wrote a profound and epoch-making textbook of spinal cord injuries ... of anymajor advancement in the treatment of spinal dis-orders.In the Renaissance, the studies of Andreas Vesalius(1514–1564), the father of modern anatomy, led toa better understanding of ... her-niation and sciatica (1 934) . This discovery boostedthe surgical treatment of sciatica but also led toovertreatment of this entity. Therefore, this periodis called the “dynasty of the intervertebral...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 17 docx

... theresponsibleenzymefortetrahydrobiopterin(BH4)synthesis.BH4isanessentialcofactor for catecholamine, serotonin and nitric oxide production and thus a keymodulator of peripheral neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Healthy individu-Pathways of Spinal Pain ... integration and nociceptive transfer of noci-144 Section Basic ScienceGeneral Concepts of Pain Treatment Pharmacological Treatment Current acute pain treatment is aggressive,multimodal and preemptiveA ... present and future pain treatment [129].Differentiating Inflammatory and Neuropathic PainDifferentiating inflammatory and neuropathic painis challenging clinicallyWhile the diagnosis and assessment...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 23 docx

... work-up and initiation of treatment is mandatory.The major goal of the clinical assessment is to differentiate:specific spinal disorders, i.e. with a pathomorphological correlatenon-specific spinal ... consider a spinal intervention✔The reproducibility of the patient’s history and examination is limitedEpidemiologyGenerally, spinal painis common, benign, and self-limitingBack and neck pain ... of the very high rate of benign spinal pain which poses aPatient Assessment Section 201PainAlthough pain is the most common complaint in patients with spinal disorders,our understanding of...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 40 docx

... intubationdegree of mouth openingsize of the tonguevisibility of the pharynxthe state of dentitionrestriction of neck movementstability of the cervical spineAssessment of cervicalstability is mandatoryin ... preparation and to take into account those conditionswhich will add to the risk of anesthesia and surgery.Information and InstructionsOne aim of the preoperative visit is to explain and describe ... [31]. The result of these investigations can influ-ence the decision on the kind of anesthesia (epidural or spinal anesthesia instead of general anesthesia), and in the case of very limited conditions...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 74 docx

... identification of the source of the pain. Neurophysiologic studies and osteo-densitometry are helpful in selected cases. Treatment. Non-operative treatment consists of NSAIDs, physiotherapy, spinal ... compression of neural elements with consecutive neurologicalThe pros and cons of direct of indirect decompressionsmust be carefully weigheddeficit. The benefits of correction of the curve ... a crucial and complex question. The treatment of a degenerative scoliosis has differentgoals than the treatment of adolescent scoliosis. While in the latter the goal is pre-vention of curve...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 78 docx

... degrees and 11–58 (mean 34. 6) degrees [57]. Accord-ing to Bernhart and Bridwell, the range of lumbar lordosis measured from stand-ing radiographs between the bottom of T12 and the bottom of L5 ... sagittal curvature of thespine. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the normal sagittal profile is requiredfor the understanding of this clinical entity. The sagittal profile of the spine inhumans ... ventral part of the endplates of one or several verte-bral bodies (Fig. 4c). After the end of growth (final stage), the contours of the ver-tebral endplates were uneven. Schmorl’s nodes and disc...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 79 docx

... assess flexibility of the deformity. In the immature patient, the skeletalage and the remaining spinal growth are determined from a radiograph of thehand and wrist [24] and the pelvis (Risser ... is the result of marked structural changes inthe bones and in the soft tissues of the affected area (Table 7, Fig. 9a).For optimal correction of the deformity these obstacles of reduction have ... assessment of the risk of pro-gression and treatment decision-making.Magnetic Resonance ImagingIn juvenile kyphosis, MRI is the imaging modality of choice to demonstrate:irregularity of the ossificationwedge...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 96 docx

... nature of the lesion [7] and isrecommended for investigating the suspected lesion in terms of: spinal levelextent of suspected lesionsvertebral bone marrow infiltrationinfiltration of the paraspinal ... to recur and survive in a distant organ.The hallmarks representa concept of carcinogenesisThe hallmarks of cancer help us to understand the complexity of such a dis-ease in terms of a relatively ... marrow on T1W and T2Wimages, allowing a diagnosis with a very high probability (Fig. 5). MRI features of other tumors are not characteristic and MRI can at best narrow the differentialdiagnosis...

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