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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 20 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 7 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 7 pps

... situation-template denoted by walk .The denotation of such a complex predicate constituent is determined in the firstinstance by the meanings of the verb and of the other components of the predi-cate constituent ... as consisting of a subject NP and a predicateconstituent. The latter consists of the verb phrase (VP) and the optional adverbial(s), if any.T he VP consists of the verb form (ϭ verb ϩ auxiliaries, ... meaning. The paraphrase ‘young male humanbeing’ is an attempt at describing this. The noun can be used as the head of anoun phrase (e. g. the noun boy is the head of the noun phrase the boy)....
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 14 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 14 pps

... though the expression of grammaticalizedhabituality is restricted to verb forms involving one of the auxiliaries will,would or used to.1.51.3 The third system of the verb phrase introduced in part ... However, apart from the fact that the nature of the subject NP may affect the interpretation of the actualization of asituation as homogeneous or not, it is often not possible to decide on the homogeneity ... differentfrom the whole (for example drink a glass of beer, in which no single part of the situation constitutes a full instance of drinking a glass of beer).Some of the information which determines the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 20 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 20 pps

... may either coincide or overlap: one situation may have started at,before or after the beginning of the other situation, and either of them may haveended at, before or after the end of the other ... length of the corresponding full situation. Thus in Meg watched the elephant from six to eight, the temporal adverbial locates the situation time (the time of the predicated situation) at the time ... punctual in English (see 2.4), the situation time (ϭ time of the ‘predicated situation’ Ϫ see 212.) is a punctualsubinterval of the time of the full situation. The fact that the predicated situa-tion...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 23 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 23 pps

... the situation time in the post-present. As noted in 2.13, the situation timeis the time of the actualization of the predicated situation, not the time of anticipa-tion of that actualization.)2.36 ... asconsisting of two time-spheres. The dotted line in the middle of the time lineis meant to represent the fact that there is felt to be a break between the twotime-spheres. (There is a slight ... Towards a theory of tense and timepresent zone. (The past time-sphere is conceived of as separated from the pres-ent time-sphere, whereas the pre-present zone forms part of it, but the actualdistance...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 24 ppsx

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 24 ppsx

... past domain. The semantics of the absolute past tense is: The situationtime is located in the past time-sphere (defined relative to t0)’; the semantics of 160 2. Towards a theory of tense and ... it relates the situation time of the bike having loads of gears to the situation time of Meg’sbuying a bike. Specifically, it locates the having simultaneous to the buying. That is, the present ... to) the orientation timefrom which the temporal location of the situation time takes its starting point. (In the example above, the situation time of the buying is located by starting at the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 28 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 28 pps

... unclear whether the judge-ment implicit in the adverb is attributable to the subject referent or to the speaker.3.10.1Constraint 1: Since the basic meaning of the present tense is location of a ... this time of the day / etc.}?’)In most of these examples the reference is to a regular pattern which resultsfrom a timetable repeating itself. The same is true of the following: The bus leaves ... pre-determined by some (often unnamed) authorityII. The present tense as part of the ‘Special Present Time-sphere System’ 187 The (normally human) agent need not always be the subject of the sentence.Sometimes...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 32 ppsx

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 32 ppsx

... time of the predicated situation, the time of the full situ-ation and the time of the pre-present time zone.In section 5.6 we then provide an interim sum-mary of the core meaning of the present ... it.212 5. The absolute use of the present perfectI. The semantics of the present perfect The present perfect locates the situation time in the pre-present, i. e. in that portion of the present ... the case of the latter.A summary of chapter 5 is provided in part X(section 5.38).216 5. The absolute use of the present perfectsituation does not play a part in the semantics of the present...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 39 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 39 pps

... on the up-to-now reading of the perfect 259subsituations in the pre-present’, which allows the hypersituation to involvegaps in between the actualizations of the subsituations or to consist of ... constitutionreading is that the speaker expresses the result of scanning the entire pre-pres-ent for situations actualizing within that period. Whether the result of counting the number of actualizations ... expresses that there has not been an actualization of the since-clause situation in that period.) The condition that the since-clause of a since-cleft can use the indefinite perfect(instead of the past...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 42 ppsx

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 42 ppsx

... of a period requires considering it from beginning to end. The situation of a286 5. The absolute use of the present perfectAs noted in 5.21.3, the temporal interpretation of the clause in the ... illustrate the following:(a) In spite of the fact that there is a situation of watching in process at t0, the present tense cannot be used in Standard English (while it must be usedin most other ... leading up to now.280 5. The absolute use of the present perfectthen ‘account for’ the twenty years, and are thus treated as filling the periodup to now. In other words, the subsituations mentioned...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 44 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 44 pps

... clearfrom the use of the definite object NP that poem); the speaker is not concernedhere with NOW but with an aspect of the actualization of the situation thathappened THEN, viz., in these cases, ... he uses a sentence involving a verb of cre-ation he is not concerned with the fact that the referent has come into existenceand is now part of the structure of the world Ϫ this information is ... one of the aspects (when?, how?, who?, etc.) of the situation that ledto the existence of the referent Ϫ a situation which is necessarily seen as lyingentirely in the past and separated from the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 49 ppsx

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 49 ppsx

... seen that if the speaker of a when-question is asking about the time of actualization of a bygone situation, the fact of actualization of the situation is taken for granted, and it is the pasttense ... when-questions in the present perfect can be used to challenge an explicitor implicit assumption on the part of the addressee or someone else (including the speaker). Thus the speakers of the following ... the actualization of a specific instance or specificinstances of the sort of situation referred to. For example, in a discussion of the use of experts in general (and not of any particular expert),...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 50 ppsx

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 50 ppsx

... In English, future tense forms arenot built by means of a special suffix but by means of the present tense of one of the auxiliaries will or shall (the latter in the first person only) or of the ... are other expres-sions referring to the possible actualization of a situation in the post-present.However, they differ from the future tense in that, even in the absence of futuretime adverbials, ... Inthis chapter, we examine the fourth absolutetense, viz. the future tense. We also considerother verb forms that have an element of futuretime reference as part of their semantics.In section...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 51 ppsx

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 51 ppsx

... agentive verb phrases, be going to can be used to express the idea that the agent has the present intention of doing something in the post-present. The agent is as a rule the referent of the subject ... emphasison the present (see 7.3.2). This concern with the present may be of variouskinds, but all of them can be subsumed under the heading of ‘concern with the present source (origin) of the predicted ... time’),there is also a special use of the progressive form of the future tense, whichcombines the following characteristics: (a) There is no implication of pro-gressive aspectual meaning; (b) The...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 55 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 55 pps

... a domain of its own (the one in the past, the other in the post-present), neither of which is further expanded.8.12 Two past tenses: the absolute preterite vs the relative preterite English ... put on the time line when we represent the semantics of a tense (i. e. the tense structure)by means of a tense diagram.8.16 The temporal nature of the domain The temporal nature of the domain ... time in the post-present. As stressed in 2.13.2, the situation time is the time of the actualization of the predicated situation, not the time of anticipation of thatactualization. See also the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 56 pps

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 56 pps

... pragmaticallyacceptable if the temporal order of the situations is either irrelevant or recover-able in some other way, e. g. from the use of time adverbials, from the order inwhich the situations are ... inanother zone. The use of the present tense with post-present reference (e. g.They’re leaving soon) is a typical illustration of such a shift of perspective: the present tense is used although the ... fact right after the performance has ended Ϫ see9.19.1. Another illustration of a shift of perspective is the use of the historicpresent: the present tense is used although the situation referred...
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