The grammar of the english verb phrase part 15 pot
The grammar of the english verb phrase part 6 potx
... Introductionpairing of a meaning and a particular form of the verb. In English the second of these two elements is lacking when ingressive meaning is expressed.1.22.3 The same is true where the expression of egressive’ ... describe the situation as characteristic of the referent of the subject NP over a certain period of time. English has a special form to expresshabituality in the past: the semi-auxiliary used to. The ... meaning, i. e. to focus on the middle of the situation or on some (punc-tual or durative) part of the middle of the situation. In English, progressive aspectdoes exist, since there is a progressive...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 9 pot
... of situation that is characteristic of the referent of the subjectNP over an extended period of time Ϫ see 1.23). This static interpretation isdue to the use of the nonprogressive form of the ... example, the features [( dynamic] and [( agentive] help to deter-mine the possibility of using the verb phrase in the progressive form. The distinction [( telic] is relevant to the use of temporal ... conceived of as homogeneous if it is conceived of as consisting of parts which are all of the same kind as the situation as awhole. Otherwise it isnonhomogeneous (or heterogeneous). The distinc-tion...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 15 pot
... linguisticallyrepresents the time of the ‘working hard’ situation as anterior to the time of the saying situation and which is therefore a relative tense.Finally, part VI provides a summary of the chapter.2.1 ... the temporal relation between the time of actualization of a situation and some other time, which may be the temporal zero-point (which is normally the moment of speech) or some other‘time of ... Atense is the linguistic expres-sion of a particular temporal meaning by a particular form (a ‘tense form’). In English, as in most languages that have tense, this is a form of the verb. The particular...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 19 potx
... is not the time of the full situa-tion: it is the time of the predicated situation, i. e. that part of the time of the full situation that coincides with the situation time of said. The claim ... So, even if the time of the full situation of Bill broodingdoes not completely coincide with the time of the full situation of John believ-ing, and the time of the full situation of John believing ... inter-pretation is the ‘containment relation’ between the time of the full situationand the situation time: the time of the full situationcontains the situationtime in terms of either inclusion...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 37 pot
... just met John in the street.I have this minute heard that the deal is off.This kind of present perfect sentence is rather special because of the nature of the adverbial. Adverbs like just refer ... section.V. More on the up-to-now reading of the perfect 251V. More on the up-to-now reading of the perfectIn this section we go into a number of characteristics of the use of the present perfectconveying ... 5.16.1)IV. More on the indefinite reading of the perfect 2495.16 The ‘recency reading’ of the indefinite present perfect5.16.1 In the ‘hot news’ use (see 5.14) of the indefinite perfect the situationtime...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 38 potx
... is conceived of as the time of the trip, the speaker can be said to be concernedwith the situational constitution of the pre-present zone.)In each of these three cases (a)Ϫ(c), the speaker ‘looks ... ‘measuring’256 5. The absolute use of the present perfectseparating two times. (In this case the times in question are the time of the accident, which is also the beginning of the conceptualized ... that(a) the situation time is conceived of as ‘up to now’, i. e. as including the terminal point of the pre-present (which is adjacent to t0), (b) the time of the full situation coincides with the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 40 potx
... at the end of the pre-present may include t0is not expressed by the perfect, whichonly expresses that the situation time of the hypersituation is contained in270 5. The absolute use of the ... ‘situationwise’. The speaker thus focuses on the situational con-stitution of the pre-present zone and not only on the temporal location of asituation on the time line. On the constitution reading the pre-present ... constitute the beginning of a longer period.However, the above sentences foreground the full resultant states (of Mr.Leicester being ill, of there being a state of confusion and of ‘my’ knowinghow...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 46 pot
... not part of the topic of the clause, in the sense that it is not ‘what the speaker is talking about’ butforms part of what the speaker is saying about the topic, then for some speak-ers the ... the constitution of the pre-present, we speak of the unmarked314 5. The absolute use of the present perfect5.38.17 The semantics of the present perfect, we have said, is: The situationtime ... either be included inor coincide with the time of the full situation. In the first of these possibilities, the time of the full situation does not only fill the pre-present period but also,necessarily,...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 47 potx
... concerned with NOW or THEN can beclear from the way the sentence is used in context or from particular constitu-ents of the sentence. The impact of particular types of temporal adverbials wasreferred ... selec-tion of the one or the other of the two tenses,see chapter 12.In the present chapter, we first have a look at the central notion of ‘actualization focus’, i. e. the phenomenon that the speaker ... will not deal with the impact of particu-lar types of temporal adverbials but will examine the relevance of ‘actualization focus’and the impact of definite noun phrases and of question words.6.1.1...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 48 pot
... look back over the pre-present Ϫ usually the question is in the second person and the pre-present is the period of the 6.4 The present perfect vs the preterite in wh-questions 325all the examples ... presupposes the truth of ‘You sold xcars’, which implies actualization focus on the time of the selling.6.4 The present perfect vs the preterite in wh-questions 323 The following further illustrate these ... utters the sentence after the pub hasclosed and all the customers are gone, the bartender must be assuming that one of the staff still in the pub broke the glass in question, and not one of the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 58 pot
... the existence of this type of shift of temporal perspective will be adduced in 9.9Ϫ12.)8.26 Argument 4: the incompatibility of apunctual adverbial with a relative preterite The claim that there ... shorter than the time of the situationwhich is located at it. Our analysis therefore predicts the unacceptability of He said he wrote a long letter on the simultaneity reading, while the other analysis ... with the situationtime (had fallen) of its head clause, had seen is an example of indirectbinding: it represents the situation time of the when-clause as T-anteriorto the situation time of said....
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 59 pot
... unanchoredpunctual time-specifying adverbials that are added to the description of a dura-17. The only exception is when the adverbial in the subclause is a pro-form for the adverbialin the head clause, as ... establishing a domain of its own. (The differentadverbials make it clear that the central orientation time of the domain inquestion is interpreted as W-anterior to the situation time of the head clause,but ... begin-ning of the eating cannot be interpreted as T-simultaneous with the situation time of said. The sentence only allows the reading in which the eating precedes the saying,i. e. the reading...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 60 potx
... clause of the until-clause: the situation time of the arrival cannotbe represented as T-posterior to the situation time of decided. The only pos-sibility is for the situation time of the until-clause ... is that the situa-tion time of an until-clause cannot be bound indirectly (by means of the use of the conditional tense) by the situation time which also binds the situation time of the head ... However the kind of sentenceto which we have applied the test is not one of the problematic cases. The factthat the test works well in cases of indirect speech is further illustrated by the following:John...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 66 potx
... whether the binding orientation time is the central orientation time of the domain or an-other orientation time in the past domain (i. e. the central orientation time of a subdomain inside the ... use the relative past tense (preterite), irrespective of whether the binding orientation time is the central orientation time or an-other orientation time in the domain. (In other words, the ... predictable. Thisexplains why the use of were going to is odd in the first of the followingexamples, but not in the second: [The procession had now begun to climb the hill.] Soon they {would reach /?weregoing...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 67 potx
... continue the active life, which was the only kind she knew. [The stairs of the old housedefeated her.] (www) [The only problem was that they didn’t have the lightbulbs, the truck to take themthere ... to the use of the present tense of be to for official arrangementsregarding the future (see 7.15), the past tense of be to can be used to refer to apast official arrangement concerning the ... would have finished by the end of the day. The finishing is interpreted as W-anterior to the end of the day, which is W-posterior to the time when Bill made his promise. The conditional tense...
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