... data in 199 9 and 2001; Malawi in 199 9; Mauritius in 2000, 2003 and 2005; and Tanzania in 2000. These countries have been included here, consequently without the datafor these cells, such that there ... consortia of banks and large US and Europeanindustrial companies (MMC 199 2: 146). Most of the organisations weremaking investments in the form of equity and loans, with EIB and OPIC investing in only ... projects, but during the 198 0s and 199 0s increased this co-operation through venture capital and financecompanies, and in the early 199 0s, in terms of Africa, by involvementwith the IFC-conceived...