... the origin of the nucleus,endomembrane, and cytoskeleton. Nonetheless, phylo-genetic methods can still be applied to proteins, the appearance of which might have accompanied the origin of the ... convergent) origin of the insert itself (Fig. 3B). Apart from the origin of the pro-eukaryote, ValRS data shed light on the intriguing question of the extent and evolutionary significance of LGT[52,53,75,76]. ... Paralogousrooting of the ValRS tree with the most closely relatedisoleucyl-tRNA synthetases, which lack the insert, revealed the presence of the insert to be a derived state. The authorsinterpreted these...