... securing information on them” (Miettinen and Cook,1981).Confounding bias is handled either by preventing it, through randomization in studydesign,orbyremoving it, through regression models in ... medicine are undeniable. If nothing else had beenachieved but two things – in the nineteenth century, the end of bleeding, purging, and leech-ing as a result of Louis’ studies (Louis, 1835); and ... is the usual means of handling measurement bias.Randomization is the best means of addressing confounding bias, and blinding the meansfor measurement bias. While blinding is important, it is...