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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 11

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

... program and dataUser program and dataOperating System Address0xFFFFFFFFLimitBase0 (a) User-2 dataUser-1 dataUser programOperating System Base-2Limit-2Limit-2Limit-1Base-2Base-1(b)Limit-1Base-1 ... model in a distributed system. Banking system AirlinereservationOperating system WebbrowserCompilers Editors Application programs Hardware System programs CommandinterpreterMachine language ... programs Hardware System programs CommandinterpreterMachine language MicroarchitecturePhysical devicesFig. 1-1. A computer system consists of hardware, system pro-grams, and application programs. Exp. Explicit Prefix Exp. Explicit...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

... of a global vari-able.Thread 1'scodeThread 2'scodeThread 1'sstackThread 2'sstackThread 1'sglobalsThread 2'sglobalsFig. 2-17. Threads can have private ... equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. ... cache(&buf, &page);} if (page not in cache(&page))read page from disk(&buf, &page);return page(&page);} (a) (b)Fig. 2 -11. A rough outline of the code for Fig. 2-10. (a) Dispatcherthread....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

... Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe. A BC322947Free: 3 (a) A BC422947Free: 2(b) A BC44 —4297Free: 0(c) A BC4—297Free: 4(d)Has Max Has Max Has Max Has MaxFig. ... everythingHold and wait Request all resources initiallyNo preemption Take resources awayCircular wait Order resources numericallyFig. 3-14. Summary of approaches to deadlock prevention.3DEADLOCKS3.1 ... A BC322947Free: 3 (a) A BC342947Free: 1(b) A BC30 ––297Free: 5(c) A BC30797Free: 0(d)– A BC3009–Free: 7(e)Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max Has MaxFig....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

... possibilities also exist.Page faults/secNumber of page frames assigned A BFig. 4-29. Page fault rate as a function of the number of pageframes assigned.Single addressspace2320DataProgram (a) I ... virtualpage0Indexedby hash onvirtual pageVirtualpagePageframeFig. 4-15. Comparison of a traditional page table with an invertedpage table. (a) Page loaded firstMost recentlyloaded page0 A 3B7C8D12E14F15G18H(b) A ... vector. (b) F vector. (a) (b) (c) A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A6 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2 A6 B4B5B6C1C2C3Age107546394625612356Fig....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

... 5ParityP8 -11 P4-7P0-3Strip 11 Strip 7P0-3Fig. 5-19. RAID levels 0 through 5. Backup and parity drives areshown shaded.Spiral groovePitLand2K block of user dataFig. 5-20. Recording structure of a compact disc ... laser whenwriting1.2 mmDyePolycarbonateFig. 5-22. Cross section of a CD-R disk and laser (not to scale). A silver CD-ROM has a similar structure, except without the dyelayer and with a ... dyelayer and with a pitted aluminum layer instead of a gold layer.Polycarbonate substrate 1Polycarbonate substrate 2SemireflectivelayerSemireflectivelayerAluminumreflectorAluminumreflector0.6...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

... numbers8623489742214022322316012614214110 0110 11 0110 1100 0110 11 0111 11 0111 101 0110 11 0110 110 0110 11 0110 1110 11 111 0111 0111 0111 1 110 11010100 0111 1000 0111 0110 1 0111 1 0111 0110 11 0111 1 110 0100 0111 0111 1 0111 0111 0111 0111 110 1111 1 0111 0111 230162612342214160664216320180482421362109741632148262310516Fig. ... 16KDisk space utilization(percent)Data rate (KB/sec)Disk space utilizationData rateBlock size (bytes)Fig. 6-20. The solid curve (left-hand scale) gives the data rate of a disk. The dashed curve ... blockcontainingadditionaldisk addressesFig. 6-15. An example i-node. (a) gamesmailnewsworkattributesattributesattributesattributesData structurecontaining theattributes(b)gamesmailnewsworkFig....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

... 7-12. An example of RMS and EDF real-time scheduling. A1 A1 B1B1 A1 A2 B2 B 3A3 A4 A5 B4 A5 B1 B2B2Failed A2 B3 B40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140Time (msec) A BCEDFRMS A2 A3 ... After waiting 3 min. (d) After starting to refill the buffer.(e) Buffer full.Video A A A T T Video A A A T T Video A A A T TFrame 3Frame 2Frame 1AudiotrackTexttrackFig. 7-17. Interleaving ... video server A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C0C1C2C3C4C5C6C7D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7 (a) A0 A4 B0B4C0C4D0D4 A1 A5 B1B5C1C5D1D5 A2 A6 B2B6C2C6D2D6 A3 A7 B3B7C3C7D3D7(b) A0 A4 B3B7C2C6D1D5 A1 A5 B0B4C3C7D2D6 A2 A6 B1B5C0C4D3D7 A3 A7 B2B6C1C5D0D4(c) A0 A6 B3B4C0C7D1D6 A2 A5 B1B7C2C6D2D5 A1 A4 B2B5C3C4D3D4 A3 A7 B0B6C1C5D0D7(d)1234...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

... 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(b)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine ... memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application HardwareFig. ... usingvariable A ABSharedpageCPU 2Code usingvariable B A BNetwork A and B are unrelatedshared variables that justhappen to be on the same pageFig. 8-24. False sharing of a page containing...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

... (b)After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shownin gray. (a) First page(in memory)Second page(not in memory)Pageboundary A A A A A A(b)B A A A A A (c)F A A A A A Fig. ... capability.Goal ThreatData confidentiality Exposure of dataData integrity Tampering with data System availability Denial of serviceFig. 9-1. Security goals and threats.User processAll system calls ... addr(b)SPVirtual address spaceBProgram(c)SPVirtual address spaceB A s localvariablesBuffer BMain’slocalvariablesReturn addr A s localvariablesFig. 9 -11. (a) Situation when the main program...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

... parentAllocate child's stack and user areaFill child's user area from parentAllocate PID for childSet up child to share parent's textCopy page tables for data and stackSet up sharing ... Descriptions = brk(addr) Change data segment size a = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset) Map a file ins = unmap(addr, len) Unmap a fileFig. 10-15. Some system calls relating to memory management.The ... an error has occurred; a and addr arememory addresses, len is a length, prot controls protection, flagsare miscellaneous bits, fd is a file descriptor, and offset is a fileoffset.Page frame3Page...
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