... Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Arabic- English Machine Translation Arabic Linguistic Issues Orthographically, wedistinguish three major challenges for Arabic pro-cessing. First, Arabic script uses optional ... threshold.4http://www.ldc.upenn.edu5The parallel text includes Arabic News (LDC2004T17),eTIRR (LDC2004E72), Arabic Treebank with English transla-tion (LDC2005E46), and Ummah (LDC2004T18).and 4.4M English tokens. Word ... vocalicdiacritics. Second, certain letters in Arabic scriptare often spelled inconsistently, e.g., variants ofHamzated Alif,Â2orˇA, are often written without2 Arabic transliteration is provided...