... concep-tion of transformation (Harris, 1957). In this view, the original verbatim string is the surface form of the sentence, and as in linguistic theory should beconstrained in some manner ... Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th IJCNLP of the AFNLP, pages 746–754,Suntec, Singapore, 2-7 August 2009.c2009 ACL and AFNLPWhat lies beneath: Semantic and syntactic ... all movementsnot included in the previous two categories (argu-ments and adjuncts), including moving “I guess”from the middle or end of a sentence to the be-ginning, determiner movement, etc....