... stress.Thirteen genes, which encode six protein familiesresponsible for protein folding, are included in theUPR gene list. Among them, BiP (three genes), calnex- in (two genes), calreticulin (two genes), ... 3461vesicle trafficking ⁄ transport, vacuolar protein sorting, cell wall biogenesis, and lipid ⁄ inositol metabolism. In comparison with those of yeast, the UPR genesof mammalian cells are induced through ... phosphorylating the specific serine resi-due of eIF2a [51] to protect cells from the stress.P58IPKinhibits PKR-mediated translational arrest byinactivating the kinase by binding to the domain ofPKR...