... 1998). Given the genotypes of offspring, their knownmothers and the candidate fathers, the paternity wasassigned to the most likely father, i.e. the individual with the highest log-likelihood ... In addition, only the offspring of females at the base of the stacks were examined, so that the male con-tribution to the broods of other females in the stack isunknown. Further analysis is ... within stacks and sex of fathersFigure 2 shows the sex of the assigned fathers at the time of sampling. Surprisingly, depending on the population, 13%to 35% were females, some of them with egg capsules,suggesting...