Health Education: Results From the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006 pptx

... KolbeLJ. The School Health Policies and Programs Study: school health education. J Sch Health. 1995;8(65):302-310.28. Kann L, Brener ND, Allensworth D. Health education: school Health Policies and Programs ... level.Keywords: school health education; schools; school policy; surveys.Citation: Kann L, Telljohann SK, Wooley SF. Health education: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. ... policies and programs in the United States at the state, district, school, and classroom levels.METHODS: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducts the School Health Policies and Programs...

... atleast two steps: (1) the dissociation of the gaseous carbon precursor at the surfaceof the catalyst and the absorption of the released carbon atoms in the bulk of the catalyst at high temperature ... Dband (∼1350 cm−1), a strong G band (∼1590 cm−1) and a 2D band (∼2700 cm−1)emerging from a double resonant scattering phenomenon [13]. The Raman shift of the 2D band (2714 cm−1), the ... different from the one described for the graphite flakes/FLG. The smallsize of the crystals and the absence of order in their orientation suggest an extremelyhigh nucleation rate and a high...

... to human health and the environ-ment at levels present in Europe nowadays. Nevertheless, either have the effects of other substances recently been reviewed or the conclusions from the Air qual-ity ... size governs the transport and re-moval of particles from the air and their deposition within the respiratory system, and is at least partly associated with the chemical composition and sources ... and ozone from European studies; right part: PM2.5 from North American studies.6. RESULTS  TOWARDS THE QUANTIFICATION OF EFFECTS A combination of the evidence from health studies and...

... with their mothers thantheir fathers: More lived with their biological mothers(73%) than with their biological fathers (62%) and fewer had no contact with their mothers (2%) than withtheir fathers ... education and other social indicators than the Central and Southern Regions. Some 60% of peopleliving in the Southern Region are in poverty and the corresponding rates for the Central and Northern Re-gions ... and the media in each country, region-ally and internationally; and stimulating the develop-ment of improved policies and programs that serveyoung people; and ultimately improving the health...

... address the intentions of both the health and education sectors providing health and education work together and if the expectations of the school based initiatives are realistic, well resourced and ...  Healthy school policies  The school s physical environment  The school s social environment  Individual health skills and action competencies  Community links  Health services The ... Evidence from the large amount of research from both the education and health fields and from the many evaluative studies of school health programs and practices, has provided us with a solid...

... 09:52 Page 22 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 133.4 School- based health and nutrition services School- based health and nutrition services offer schools an effectiveway of improving the health and nutritional ... between: the health and education sectors(especially teachers and health workers), schools and communities, and pupils and stakeholders (Jukes et al., 2008).1.3 Non-Communicable DiseasesThere ... unit in the MoE primarily focuses on school nutrition; a separate unit for school health is present in the MoH. InBarbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago the SHN units are free-standing and not...

... and reproductive health and other services toyoung people; and • promoting community structures and programs that will provide support to young people to enablethem to make healthy sexual and ... Research (Uganda), Centre forSocial Research (Malawi) and the African Population and Health Research Center (Kenya), designed the content of the survey instruments. The householdscreener and the adolescent ... on the frame used by the Ghana Statistical Service for the DHS. The first stageinvolved the selection of regional clusters from urban and rural clusters in the 10 regions of the country. In the second...

... 109twoeventsiscalculatedbysubtractingthedateoffirstintercoursesincemenarchefromthedateoffirstmarriage.Iffirstintercourseaftermenarcheoccurredafterfirstmarriage,orbotheventsoccurredinthesamemonth,itisindicatedaccordinglyintable26.Monthspregnantwhenprenatalcarebegan—Forallpregnanciesendinginanywayotherthaninducedabortionin1991–95,womenwereaskedtoreportiftheyhadevervisitedadoctor,midwife,orclinicforprenatalcare.Thosewhoreportedanyprenatalcarewerethenaskedhowmanyweeksormonthspregnanttheywerewhentheyfirstwentforprenatalcare.ThePNCAREWKrecodeindicatesthenumberofweekspregnantatfirstprenatalvisit.Table83givesthepercentdistributionofPNCAREWKforallpregnanciesthatresultedinlivebirthin1991–95 .The categoriesshownare‘‘lessthan3months,’’‘‘3–4months,’ and ‘5monthsormoreornoprenatalcare.’’‘‘Lessthan3months’’isdefinedaslessthan13weeks,tobeconsistentwiththedefinitionofearly(firsttrimester)prenatalcareinpreviousreportsfromtheNSFG.Mother’seducation(recode=EDUCMOM)—‘‘Mother’seducation’’wasclassifiedaccordingtothehighestgradeofregularschoolorcollegecompletedbytherespondent’smotherormother-figure.ThismeasurediffersslightlyfrompastNSFGreportsthatwerebasedonaquestionaskingforeducationof‘‘mother’’or‘‘stepmother.’’TheCycle5versiondiffersbecausetheidentityofthemotherormother-figurewasascertainedinamorepreciseway:ifthechildhoodlivingarrangementsshowedthattherespondentlivedwithhernaturalmotheratsomepointandneverlivedwithafemaleparentotherthanthenaturalmother,thenthenaturalmotheristhepersonaboutwhomeducationwasasked.Otherwise ,the respondentwasasked:‘‘Who,ifanyone,doyouthinkofasthewomanwhomostlyraisedyouwhenyouwereateenager?’’Thepersonreportedbecomesthepersonaboutwhomeducationisasked.Respondentseligibleforthatquestionwereallowedtorespond‘‘nosuchperson,’ and 0.7percentofsamplecasesfellintothiscategory.Thiscategoryislabeled‘‘nomother-figureidentified’’inthetables.Anadditional4.3percentofinterviewedwomenhadmissingdataonmother’seducation,andthesevaluesfortheEDUCMOMrecodewereimputed.Nonvoluntaryfirstsexualintercourse—Thevoluntary/nonvoluntarystatusoffirstintercoursewasdeterminedfromtwoquestionsintheinterviewer-administeredinterview.First,respondentswereasked:‘‘LookingatthescaleonCardC-3,whichnumberwouldyousaycomesclosesttodescribinghowmuchyouwantedthatfirstsexualintercoursetohappen?Onthisscale,a1meansthatyoureallydidn’twantittohappenatthetime ,and a10meansthatyoureallywantedittohappen.’’Womenwhorespondedtothisquestionthattheirfirstintercoursewasarapeareclassifiedashavingnonvoluntaryfirstintercourse.Respondentswhoreportedanythingotherthan‘‘rape’’wereasked:‘‘Wouldyousaythenthatthisfirstsexualintercoursewasvoluntaryornotvoluntary?’’Respondentsanswering‘‘notvoluntary’’arealsoclassifiedashavingnonvoluntaryfirstintercourseforthetable(table21).Numberofhusbandsorcohabitingpartners—TherecodeFMARNOgivesthenumberoftimesawomanhasbeenlegallymarried.Womenwerealsoaskedthenumberofothercohabitingpartnerstheymayhavehad.Table37isbasedonthetotalnumberofhusbandsandcohabitingpartners,computedasfollows:FMARNO+(1ifcurrentlycohabiting)+(#ofothercohabitingpartners)Husbandswithwhomawomanalsocohabited(outsideofmarriage)arecountedonlyonce,ashusbands.Numberofmalesexualpartners—Eachwomanwhohadeverhadvoluntarysexualintercousewasaskedtoreportthenumberorrange(low-high)ofmaleswithwhomshehashadsexual(vaginal)intercourseinherlife,asofthedateofinterview.ShewasalsoaskedtoreporthernumberofmalesexualpartnerssinceJanuary1991(roughlythelast5years)andinthelast12months.Ifarangeofpartnerswasreported ,the numberofpartnerswascalculatedastheaverageofthelowandhighnumbers.Inthosefewcaseswheretherespondentreportedzeropartnersforthelowendoftherangeandonepartnerforthehighend,thenumberofpartnerswassetequaltoone.Respondentswhohadneverhadintercourseorwhohadonlyhad(first)nonvoluntaryintercoursewereassignedzero.Thereweretwoversionsofthisseriesofthreequestionsaboutnumberofmalesexualpartners.Thedescriptionaboveappliestotheversionintheinterviewer-administeredportionofthesurvey,andtheseresultsarepresentedintables27,29 ,and3 1.ThesequestionswererepeatedintheAudioCASI,orself-administered,portionofthesurvey,attheendoftheinterview.Eachpairofquestions(interviewer-administeredandself-administered)waswordedalmostidentically,althoughtheAudioCASIquestionsaskedforaspecificnumberanddidnotallowarangetobegiven.Also,thequestionsintheself-administeredportionwereprefacedbythefollowinginstruction:‘‘ ... 111Uptofourracialgroupscouldbechosen.Respondentswhoidentifiedthemselveswithmorethanoneracialgroupwereaskedtoselectonegroupthat‘‘bestdescribes’’them,andtheRACErecodereflectedthisresponse.Becauseoflimitedsamplesize,Asian,PacificIslander,Alaskannative ,and AmericanIndianwomenwerecombinedandpresentedinthisreportas‘‘Non-Hispanicother’’races.+Comparisonwithbirthcertificatedata—Thedataintable6ofthisreportshowthatfortheyears1991–94,theNSFGestimatesofthenumberofbirthsareveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotals,bothoverall,forindividualyears ,and forbirthstowhitewomen .The NSFGestimatesaresomewhatlowerforblackwomenandsomewhathigherforwomenof‘‘other’’racesthanthebirthcertificatedata.Thesedifferenceslargely(withinsamplingerror)canceleachotherout.Butthedataintable6suggestthatsomewomenwhoreportthattheyareof‘‘other’’races(AsianorPacificIslander,orAmericanIndianorAlaskannative)inasurveyliketheNSFGmaybeclassifiedaswhiteorblackbyathirdpartyfillingoutabirthcertificate.Inaddition,somewomenwhoidentifywithmorethanoneracialgroupmayidentifythemselvesprimarilywithaparticulargroup,butathirdpartymaynotchoosethatracialgroupifaskedtoclassifythembyrace.Theseissuesdonotappeartoaffectthecomparabilityofthetotalnumberofbirthsbyyearorothercharacteristics,whichshowverygoodagreementbetweentheNSFGandtheregisteredbirths.+InterpretationofdatabyraceandHispanicorigin—DataareshownbyraceandHispanicorigininthetablesbecauseNCHSisfrequentlyaskedtoprovidedataseparatelyforwhite,black,andHispanicwomen.Raceisassociatedwithanumberofindicatorsofsocialandeconomicstatus.Measuresofsocioeconomicstatus(forexample,educationandincome)arenotalwaysavailableforthepointintimewhentheeventbeingstudiedoccurred.Whilecharacteristicssuchaseducationandincomecanchangeovertime,raceandethnicitydonotchangesotheycanbeusedatallpointsintimeasproxiesforsocioeconomicstatus.Differencesamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomeninthephenomenapresentedinthetablesprimarilyreflectthelowerincomeandeducationallevelsofblackandHispanicwomen,theirmorelimitedaccesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive,andotherfactors(seereference14,tables49,53,81,173).Forsomerecentanalysesofdifferencesinbirthratesbyraceandorigin,seereferences1,15,40 ,and4 1.ReasonsforHIVtest—Allrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhadeverhadtheirbloodtestedforhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirusthatcausesAIDS,wereaskedthereasonsfortheirmostrecenttest.Theresponselistwasasfollows:+forahospitalizationorsurgicalprocedure+toapplyforhealthorlifeinsurance+becauseyouwerepregnantorbecauseitwaspartofprenatalcare+justtofindoutifyouwereinfected+becauseofareferralbyadoctor+otherreason(specify)Table86showsthepercentscitingspecificreasons,withthepercentsaddingtomorethan100becausesomewomengavemorethanonereasonfortheirHIVtest.Reasonsforsterilizingoperations—Table54showsreasonsreportedfortuballigations,hysterectomies ,and vasectomies.Foreachofhersterilizingoperations,therespondentwasasked:‘‘NowpleaselookatCardD-3whichlistssomereasonsthatwomensometimesgiveforhavingsterilizingoperations.Whichreasonorreasonsdoyoubelieveareclosesttoyourown?’’Womencouldchoosealloftheapplicableresponsesfromthefollowinglist:+Youhadallthechildrenyouwanted+Yourhusbandorpartneratthetimedidnotwantanymorechildren+Financialreasons,thatis,youcouldnotaffordanotherbaby+Medicalreasons+Reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol+SomeotherreasonsforsterilizationThosementioning‘‘medicalreasons’’wereasked:‘‘PleaselookatCardD-4.Whichofthesemedicalreasonsdidyouhave?’’Theresponselist,againpermittingallapplicablereasonstobecoded,readasfollows:+Medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans+Pregnancywouldbedangeroustoyourhealth+Youwouldprobablyloseapregnancy+Youwouldprobablyhaveanunhealthychild+Someothermedicalreason(specify)Thosementioning‘‘reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol’’intheoriginalquestionwereasked:‘‘Wasyourmethodofbirthcontroldangeroustoyourhealthordidyounotlikeyourmethodofbirthcontrolforotherreasons?’’Womenreportingmorethanonereasonfortheirsterilizingoperationwereaskedtoidentifytheirmainreason.Reasonsforvasectomies—Womenwereonlyaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyifhercurrenthusbandorcohabitingpartnerhadhisvasectomyduringtheirrelationship .The questionsaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyweregenerallysimilartothoseaskedforfemalesterilizationoperations.Theexceptionwasthatintheresponselistformedicalreasons,‘‘medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans’’wasreplacedwith‘‘HEhadahealthproblemthatrequiredtheoperation.’’Regionofresidence(atinterview) The REGIONrecodeclassifiesregionofresidenceattimeofinterviewintothefourmajorcensusregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.ThesePage112[Series23,No.19 ... of Health and HumanServices. These organizations, alongwith leading researchers from outside the government, helped to design the survey. Further details on the planning and operation of the...

... the World Health Organization (WHO), research has provided evidence that effective school health programs are intense and begin prior to the onset of the risky behaviors; and both primary and ... Quantity of School Health Education The American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Health Association encourage quality school health education within all schools ... schools in the United States through the use of strategies such as:  Utilizing school health education programs that adhere to the recommendations from the National Health Education Standards....

... knowledge and changing attitudes, behavior, and practices, long-term intervention and financial support are required. At least part of the weakness of the evaluation of these programs results from the ... into the policy process and vice versa). Promote Systemwide Changes Many programs, particularly in the health and education sectors, train providers and expect them to implement these ... 88Ensure the Cultural Appropriateness of Interventions Programs stress the need to ensure the cultural relevance of interventions and messages and the importance of involving the community in the...