Migration in South and Southern Africa docx

... www.hsrcpress.ac.zaintroduction฀฀•฀฀1CHAPTER฀1IntroductionPieter฀Kok,฀Derik฀Gelderblom and Johan฀van฀ZylThe฀tenth฀anniversary฀of฀the฀1994฀first฀democratic฀elections in South Africa was฀an฀opportune฀time฀to฀reflect฀on฀what฀had฀– and what฀had฀not฀–฀changed in the฀country฀since฀the฀end฀of฀apartheid.฀Grand฀Apartheid฀had฀attempted฀to฀alter฀the฀racial฀distribution฀of฀the฀population฀through฀mechanisms฀such฀as฀an฀‘influx฀control’฀system,฀population฀relocation and the฀creation฀of฀relatively฀dense฀settlements in the฀former฀homeland฀areas.฀As฀such฀it฀had฀an฀important฀impact฀on฀patterns฀of฀internal฀ migration. In addition,฀because฀the฀permanent฀settlement฀of฀black฀people฀from฀African฀countries฀north฀of South African฀borders฀was฀not฀allowed,฀apartheid฀also฀changed฀patterns฀of฀international migration. ฀One฀of฀the฀things฀we฀need฀to฀ascertain฀therefore฀is฀how฀much฀the฀lifting฀of฀apartheid฀has฀affected migration patterns,฀both฀internally and in the southern African฀region.This฀task฀implies,฀firstly,฀that฀some฀purely฀descriptive฀research฀on฀both฀current and past migration patterns in South Africa needs฀to฀be฀undertaken,฀investigating฀how฀much migration occurred฀during฀the฀apartheid฀period and after฀it. In addition,฀it฀still฀needs฀to฀be฀determined฀whether฀the migration was฀predominantly฀rural–urban฀or฀rural–rural.฀Also฀to฀be฀considered฀is฀whether฀a฀typology฀that฀accounts฀for฀the฀areas฀between฀rural and urban฀would฀not฀be฀more฀appropriate in the฀description฀of migration patterns฀–฀for฀example฀one฀grading฀from฀rural,฀through฀semi-urban,฀peri-urban, and urban฀areas฀to฀fully฀metropolitan.฀A฀greater฀understanding฀of฀the฀historical฀context฀of migration in South Africa is฀thus฀needed,฀to฀achieve฀a฀more฀nuanced฀view฀of฀the฀continuities and discontinuities in South African migration ฀over฀time. Migration issues and implications฀for฀policy In this฀book,฀which฀deals฀largely฀with฀the฀causes฀of migration, ฀we฀attempt฀to฀analyse฀ and evaluate฀both฀international and internal migration in South and southern Africa. ฀Although฀its฀policy and planning฀implications฀are฀not฀always฀obvious, in most฀cases฀the฀individual฀chapters฀bring฀the฀issues฀involved฀clearly฀to฀the฀fore.฀Perhaps฀a฀broad-brush฀reminder฀of฀these฀issues฀would฀be฀appropriate฀here.International migration Stories฀about฀foreign฀migrants฀–฀legal,฀illegal and asylum฀seekers฀–฀appear฀almost฀daily in the฀news.฀Governments฀…฀note฀these฀events฀with฀alarm and grapple฀with฀policy฀reforms฀aimed฀at฀selecting฀certain฀migrants and keeping฀out฀others.฀(Hatton฀&฀Williamson฀2002:฀1)This฀quotation฀from฀Hatton and Williamson฀is฀a฀useful฀summary฀of฀the฀impact฀that฀international migration often฀has฀on฀public฀perceptions and hence฀on฀legislated฀Free ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za10฀฀•฀ migration in south and southern africa Table฀1.1฀Selected southern African฀countries’฀immigrant฀populations฀฀(international฀migrant฀stock)฀Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland1976Percentage฀of฀total฀population1.6 ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za16฀฀•฀ migration in south and southern africa Africa.฀The฀country฀has฀also฀had฀to฀cope฀with฀increasing฀numbers฀of฀asylum฀seekers,฀illegal฀labour฀migrants and members฀of฀crime฀syndicates฀(see฀Oucho in Chapter฀3฀of฀this฀volume).฀Another฀category฀of฀migrants฀is฀the฀traders฀who฀enter฀the฀country฀with฀curios and other฀items฀to฀sell,฀returning฀to฀their฀home฀countries฀with฀electronic and other฀manufactured฀goods.฀The฀brain฀drain฀to South Africa has,฀however,฀been฀counterbalanced, and even฀outweighed,฀by฀skilled฀people฀leaving฀the฀country฀for฀places฀such฀as฀Australia,฀Canada and the฀United฀Kingdom.฀The฀economic฀consequences฀of฀these฀flows฀make฀it฀essential฀that฀we฀come฀to฀a฀greater฀understanding฀of฀international migration into and out฀of South Africa. ฀Another฀reason฀why฀we฀should฀take฀cognisance฀of฀these฀flows฀is฀that฀they฀have฀been฀associated฀with฀a฀growing฀anti-immigrant฀sentiment฀among฀the฀local฀population.When฀one฀analyses฀the฀causes฀of migration, ฀it฀is฀important฀to฀bear in mind฀that in most฀cases฀only฀a฀small฀minority฀of฀the฀people฀exposed฀to฀such฀causes฀do฀actually฀migrate.฀The migration literature฀has฀generally฀struggled฀to฀explain฀why฀so฀few฀people฀migrate.฀The฀reason฀for฀this฀is฀–฀arguably฀–฀that฀it฀has฀concentrated฀on฀those฀variables฀that฀encourage฀people฀to฀move฀away,฀at฀the฀expense฀of฀considering฀the฀variables฀that฀tie฀them฀to฀a฀particular฀place.฀The฀tendency฀has฀been฀to฀assume฀that฀non -migration is฀a฀residual฀phenomenon,฀that฀is,฀something฀that฀occurs฀when฀the฀variables฀encouraging฀people฀to฀move฀are฀too฀weak.฀The฀possibility฀that฀the฀variables฀responsible฀for฀non-movement฀may฀be฀different฀from฀those฀that฀account฀for฀movement฀has฀so฀far฀not฀been฀properly฀considered. In considering฀the฀causes฀of migration and non -migration, ฀it฀is฀important฀to฀weigh฀up฀the฀relative฀importance฀of, and the฀exact฀relationship฀between,฀objective฀ and subjective฀factors.฀On฀the฀one฀hand฀are฀the฀push and pull฀factors,฀the฀social฀networks฀responsible฀for฀the฀facilitation฀of migration and the฀information฀flows฀about฀new฀opportunities, and on฀the฀other฀the฀motivations and perceptions฀of฀the฀people฀involved฀–฀the฀‘actors’฀–฀as฀decision-making฀units.฀How฀do฀we฀combine฀their฀contributions?฀Do฀the฀former฀play฀a฀role฀independent฀of฀the฀latter฀or฀do฀they฀only฀feature฀as migration determinants in so฀far฀as฀they฀enter฀into฀the฀subjective฀deliberations฀of฀the฀actors?฀How฀appropriate฀is฀it฀to฀view migration as฀a฀field฀of฀rational฀decision-making?฀As฀De฀Jong and Steinmetz฀point฀out in Chapter฀11฀of฀this฀volume,฀intentions฀precede฀actual migration or฀non -migration behaviour, and thus฀provide฀important฀policy-relevant฀insights฀into฀its฀underlying฀causes.Besides฀the฀causes฀of migration, ฀we฀also฀need฀to฀focus฀on฀its฀consequences.฀This฀involves฀inquiring฀firstly฀about฀the฀impact฀of migration on฀the฀migrant.฀Is฀he฀or฀she฀happier,฀healthier and financially฀stronger฀after฀the฀move฀or฀not? And what฀is฀the฀impact฀of migration on฀the฀area฀of฀origin and the฀destination฀area?฀Does฀it฀lead฀to฀increasing฀equality฀between฀the฀two฀areas,฀as฀the฀neo-classical฀perspectives฀maintain,฀or฀does฀it฀increase฀inequalities?These and other฀questions฀about migration in South Africa receive฀attention in this฀book. In the฀next฀section,฀we฀discuss฀the฀contents฀of฀the฀book in terms฀of฀the฀individual฀contributions.฀It฀will฀be฀clear฀from฀these฀chapter฀summaries฀that฀this฀publication฀complements฀the฀recent฀books฀published฀by฀the Southern African฀ Migration Project฀(SAMP)฀on migration in the South and southern African฀context6฀ and the฀useful฀(2004) migration overview฀by฀the฀United฀Nations฀Population฀Fund฀(UNFPA) and the Migration Policy฀Institute฀(MPI).Free...

... www.hsrcpress.ac.zaintroduction฀฀•฀฀1CHAPTER฀1IntroductionPieter฀Kok,฀Derik฀Gelderblom and Johan฀van฀ZylThe฀tenth฀anniversary฀of฀the฀1994฀first฀democratic฀elections in South Africa was฀an฀opportune฀time฀to฀reflect฀on฀what฀had฀– and what฀had฀not฀–฀changed in the฀country฀since฀the฀end฀of฀apartheid.฀Grand฀Apartheid฀had฀attempted฀to฀alter฀the฀racial฀distribution฀of฀the฀population฀through฀mechanisms฀such฀as฀an฀‘influx฀control’฀system,฀population฀relocation and the฀creation฀of฀relatively฀dense฀settlements in the฀former฀homeland฀areas.฀As฀such฀it฀had฀an฀important฀impact฀on฀patterns฀of฀internal฀ migration. In addition,฀because฀the฀permanent฀settlement฀of฀black฀people฀from฀African฀countries฀north฀of South African฀borders฀was฀not฀allowed,฀apartheid฀also฀changed฀patterns฀of฀international migration. ฀One฀of฀the฀things฀we฀need฀to฀ascertain฀therefore฀is฀how฀much฀the฀lifting฀of฀apartheid฀has฀affected migration patterns,฀both฀internally and in the southern African฀region.This฀task฀implies,฀firstly,฀that฀some฀purely฀descriptive฀research฀on฀both฀current and past migration patterns in South Africa needs฀to฀be฀undertaken,฀investigating฀how฀much migration occurred฀during฀the฀apartheid฀period and after฀it. In addition,฀it฀still฀needs฀to฀be฀determined฀whether฀the migration was฀predominantly฀rural–urban฀or฀rural–rural.฀Also฀to฀be฀considered฀is฀whether฀a฀typology฀that฀accounts฀for฀the฀areas฀between฀rural and urban฀would฀not฀be฀more฀appropriate in the฀description฀of migration patterns฀–฀for฀example฀one฀grading฀from฀rural,฀through฀semi-urban,฀peri-urban, and urban฀areas฀to฀fully฀metropolitan.฀A฀greater฀understanding฀of฀the฀historical฀context฀of migration in South Africa is฀thus฀needed,฀to฀achieve฀a฀more฀nuanced฀view฀of฀the฀continuities and discontinuities in South African migration ฀over฀time. Migration issues and implications฀for฀policy In this฀book,฀which฀deals฀largely฀with฀the฀causes฀of migration, ฀we฀attempt฀to฀analyse฀ and evaluate฀both฀international and internal migration in South and southern Africa. ฀Although฀its฀policy and planning฀implications฀are฀not฀always฀obvious, in most฀cases฀the฀individual฀chapters฀bring฀the฀issues฀involved฀clearly฀to฀the฀fore.฀Perhaps฀a฀broad-brush฀reminder฀of฀these฀issues฀would฀be฀appropriate฀here.International migration Stories฀about฀foreign฀migrants฀–฀legal,฀illegal and asylum฀seekers฀–฀appear฀almost฀daily in the฀news.฀Governments฀…฀note฀these฀events฀with฀alarm and grapple฀with฀policy฀reforms฀aimed฀at฀selecting฀certain฀migrants and keeping฀out฀others.฀(Hatton฀&฀Williamson฀2002:฀1)This฀quotation฀from฀Hatton and Williamson฀is฀a฀useful฀summary฀of฀the฀impact฀that฀international migration often฀has฀on฀public฀perceptions and hence฀on฀legislated฀Free ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za10฀฀•฀ migration in south and southern africa Table฀1.1฀Selected southern African฀countries’฀immigrant฀populations฀฀(international฀migrant฀stock)฀Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland1976Percentage฀of฀total฀population1.6 ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za16฀฀•฀ migration in south and southern africa Africa.฀The฀country฀has฀also฀had฀to฀cope฀with฀increasing฀numbers฀of฀asylum฀seekers,฀illegal฀labour฀migrants and members฀of฀crime฀syndicates฀(see฀Oucho in Chapter฀3฀of฀this฀volume).฀Another฀category฀of฀migrants฀is฀the฀traders฀who฀enter฀the฀country฀with฀curios and other฀items฀to฀sell,฀returning฀to฀their฀home฀countries฀with฀electronic and other฀manufactured฀goods.฀The฀brain฀drain฀to South Africa has,฀however,฀been฀counterbalanced, and even฀outweighed,฀by฀skilled฀people฀leaving฀the฀country฀for฀places฀such฀as฀Australia,฀Canada and the฀United฀Kingdom.฀The฀economic฀consequences฀of฀these฀flows฀make฀it฀essential฀that฀we฀come฀to฀a฀greater฀understanding฀of฀international migration into and out฀of South Africa. ฀Another฀reason฀why฀we฀should฀take฀cognisance฀of฀these฀flows฀is฀that฀they฀have฀been฀associated฀with฀a฀growing฀anti-immigrant฀sentiment฀among฀the฀local฀population.When฀one฀analyses฀the฀causes฀of migration, ฀it฀is฀important฀to฀bear in mind฀that in most฀cases฀only฀a฀small฀minority฀of฀the฀people฀exposed฀to฀such฀causes฀do฀actually฀migrate.฀The migration literature฀has฀generally฀struggled฀to฀explain฀why฀so฀few฀people฀migrate.฀The฀reason฀for฀this฀is฀–฀arguably฀–฀that฀it฀has฀concentrated฀on฀those฀variables฀that฀encourage฀people฀to฀move฀away,฀at฀the฀expense฀of฀considering฀the฀variables฀that฀tie฀them฀to฀a฀particular฀place.฀The฀tendency฀has฀been฀to฀assume฀that฀non -migration is฀a฀residual฀phenomenon,฀that฀is,฀something฀that฀occurs฀when฀the฀variables฀encouraging฀people฀to฀move฀are฀too฀weak.฀The฀possibility฀that฀the฀variables฀responsible฀for฀non-movement฀may฀be฀different฀from฀those฀that฀account฀for฀movement฀has฀so฀far฀not฀been฀properly฀considered. In considering฀the฀causes฀of migration and non -migration, ฀it฀is฀important฀to฀weigh฀up฀the฀relative฀importance฀of, and the฀exact฀relationship฀between,฀objective฀ and subjective฀factors.฀On฀the฀one฀hand฀are฀the฀push and pull฀factors,฀the฀social฀networks฀responsible฀for฀the฀facilitation฀of migration and the฀information฀flows฀about฀new฀opportunities, and on฀the฀other฀the฀motivations and perceptions฀of฀the฀people฀involved฀–฀the฀‘actors’฀–฀as฀decision-making฀units.฀How฀do฀we฀combine฀their฀contributions?฀Do฀the฀former฀play฀a฀role฀independent฀of฀the฀latter฀or฀do฀they฀only฀feature฀as migration determinants in so฀far฀as฀they฀enter฀into฀the฀subjective฀deliberations฀of฀the฀actors?฀How฀appropriate฀is฀it฀to฀view migration as฀a฀field฀of฀rational฀decision-making?฀As฀De฀Jong and Steinmetz฀point฀out in Chapter฀11฀of฀this฀volume,฀intentions฀precede฀actual migration or฀non -migration behaviour, and thus฀provide฀important฀policy-relevant฀insights฀into฀its฀underlying฀causes.Besides฀the฀causes฀of migration, ฀we฀also฀need฀to฀focus฀on฀its฀consequences.฀This฀involves฀inquiring฀firstly฀about฀the฀impact฀of migration on฀the฀migrant.฀Is฀he฀or฀she฀happier,฀healthier and financially฀stronger฀after฀the฀move฀or฀not? And what฀is฀the฀impact฀of migration on฀the฀area฀of฀origin and the฀destination฀area?฀Does฀it฀lead฀to฀increasing฀equality฀between฀the฀two฀areas,฀as฀the฀neo-classical฀perspectives฀maintain,฀or฀does฀it฀increase฀inequalities?These and other฀questions฀about migration in South Africa receive฀attention in this฀book. In the฀next฀section,฀we฀discuss฀the฀contents฀of฀the฀book in terms฀of฀the฀individual฀contributions.฀It฀will฀be฀clear฀from฀these฀chapter฀summaries฀that฀this฀publication฀complements฀the฀recent฀books฀published฀by฀the Southern African฀ Migration Project฀(SAMP)฀on migration in the South and southern African฀context6฀ and the฀useful฀(2004) migration overview฀by฀the฀United฀Nations฀Population฀Fund฀(UNFPA) and the Migration Policy฀Institute฀(MPI).Free...

... To increase the understanding of IFAD and its partners on the role, activities and relevance of non-financial institutions in the provision of agricultural credit in Eastern and Southern Africa, ... priority is reflected in IFAD’s Regional Strategy for East and Southern Africa (March 2002), which includes promoting efficient and equitable market linkages, and developing rural financial systems, ... non-financial institutions now make important contributions to the rural finance market in Eastern and Southern Africa. 5. To better understand both the functioning of rural finance markets in...

... 15:50Colonisation in eastern and southern Africa 111inland. Kabakas drew booty and tribute from conquered provinces and appointed agents to govern them, thereby creating appointive officers to ... throughout southern Africa, butP1: RNK0521864381c06 CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 15:50Colonisation in eastern and southern Africa 127expanding Bantu cultivators and cattlemen ... eating?’ was the standard Tswana greeting. But even those in high-rainfallareas lived in fear of dearth. Buganda had a goddess of drought, Nagawonyi, and both Rwanda and Burundi had long famine...

... Limpopo, South Africa. With the Regional Network for Equity in Health in East and Southern Africa (EQUINET) and the East, Central and Southern African Health Community(ECSA-HC)EQUINET DISCUSSION ... from: Luoma, 2006 and Arah, Westurt, Hurst and Klazinga,2006; with input from EQUINET.A review of non-financialincentives for health workerretention in east and southern Africa 6The framework ... Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. EQUINETDISCUSSIONPAPERNO. 443A review of non-financialincentives for health workerretention in east and southern...

... and account to both political representatives and communities. Examples of indicators used in policies in South Africa and Uganda are provided in Box 2 and Table 1 respectively.Solicit international ... sustained sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. Identifying and scaling up successful interventions and implementing national strategies and policies backed by solid empirical data and ... www.hsrcpress.ac.zaPromoting AdolescentSexual and Reproductive Health in East and Southern Africa Edited by Knut-Inge Klepp, Alan J. Flisher and Sylvia F. KaayaNORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, SWEDENHSRC...

... and account to both political representatives and communities. Examples of indicators used in policies in South Africa and Uganda are provided in Box 2 and Table 1 respectively.Solicit international ... sustained sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. Identifying and scaling up successful interventions and implementing national strategies and policies backed by solid empirical data and ... www.hsrcpress.ac.zaPromoting AdolescentSexual and Reproductive Health in East and Southern Africa Edited by Knut-Inge Klepp, Alan J. Flisher and Sylvia F. KaayaNORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, SWEDENHSRC...

... as migration , the origin and destination of a residential move can only be in different migration- defining areas within the same country or in different countries.Internal migration, in- migrant’ ... populations and activities are involved. As this book examines both migration and ‘labour migration , the two major components of migration in South Africa, they are defined below. In the context ... thus limiting the collective understanding of migration/ non -migration and theability to generalise findings to the national or even provincial level. In particular, the causesof internal migration, ...

... AND ETHICAL APPRAISAL 5Johan Hattingh, South Africa CHAPTER 2:INTEGRATING ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,SOCIAL JUSTICE AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY:A CASE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WASTE INDUSTRY,ETHEKWINI ... IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 4Environmental Education, Ethics and Action in Southern Africa Environmental Education, Ethics and Action in Southern Africa HUMAN SCIENCESRESEARCH COUNCILENVIRONMENTAL ... SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN UGANDA 47Daniel Babikwa, UgandaCHAPTER 6:THE EVOLUTION OF PEOPLE -AND- PARKS RELATIONSHIPS IN SOUTH AFRICA S NATIONAL CONSERVATION ORGANISATION 61Kevin Moore and Lynette...